This book is a reality-based guide for modern projects. You'll learn how to recognize your project's potholes and ruts, and determine the best way to fix problems - without causing more problems.
Your project can't fail. That's a lot of pressure on you, and yet you don't want to buy into any one specific process, methodology, or lifecycle.
Your project is different. It doesn't fit into those neat descriptions.
Manage It! will show you how to beg, borrow, and steal from the best methodologies to fit your particular project. It will help you find what works best for you and not for some mythological project that doesn't even exist.
Before you know it, your project will be on track and headed to a successful conclusion.
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
Why a Completely New Version of ANTLR?......Page 16
What's in This Book?......Page 18
Introducing ANTLR and Computer Language Translation......Page 20
Getting Started with ANTLR......Page 21
The Big Picture......Page 22
An A-mazing Analogy......Page 26
Installing ANTLR......Page 27
Executing ANTLR and Invoking Recognizers......Page 28
ANTLRWorks Grammar Development Environment......Page 30
The Nature of Computer Languages......Page 34
Generating Sentences with State Machines......Page 35
The Requirements for Generating Complex Language......Page 38
The Tree Structure of Sentences......Page 39
Enforcing Sentence Tree Structure......Page 40
Ambiguous Languages......Page 43
Vocabulary Symbols Are Structured Too......Page 44
Recognizing Computer Language Sentences......Page 48
A Quick Tour for the Impatient......Page 59
Recognizing Language Syntax......Page 60
Using Syntax to Drive Action Execution......Page 68
Evaluating Expressions via an AST Intermediate Form......Page 73
ANTLR Reference......Page 85
ANTLR Grammars......Page 86
Describing Languages with Formal Grammars......Page 87
Overall ANTLR Grammar File Structure......Page 89
Rules......Page 94
Global Dynamic Attribute Scopes......Page 114
Grammar Actions......Page 116
ANTLR Grammar-Level Options......Page 117
language Option......Page 119
output Option......Page 120
backtrack Option......Page 121
tokenVocab Option......Page 122
rewrite Option......Page 124
superClass Option......Page 125
filter Option......Page 126
ASTLabelType Option......Page 127
TokenLabelType Option......Page 128
k Option......Page 129
Attributes and Actions......Page 130
Introducing Actions, Attributes, and Scopes......Page 131
Grammar Actions......Page 134
Token Attributes......Page 138
Rule Attributes......Page 141
Dynamic Attribute Scopes for Interrule Communication......Page 148
References to Attributes within Actions......Page 159
Tree Construction......Page 162
Proper AST Structure......Page 163
Implementing Abstract Syntax Trees......Page 168
Default AST Construction......Page 170
Constructing ASTs Using Operators......Page 174
Constructing ASTs with Rewrite Rules......Page 177
Tree Grammars......Page 191
Moving from Parser Grammar to Tree Grammar......Page 192
Building a Parser Grammar for the C- Language......Page 195
Building a Tree Grammar for the C- Language......Page 199
Generating Structured Text with Templates and Grammars......Page 206
Why Templates Are Better Than Print Statements......Page 207
Embedded Actions and Template Construction Rules......Page 209
A Brief Introduction to StringTemplate......Page 213
The ANTLR StringTemplate Interface......Page 214
Rewriters vs. Generators......Page 217
A Java Bytecode Generator Using a Tree Grammar and Templates......Page 219
Rewriting the Token Buffer In-Place......Page 228
Rewriting the Token Buffer with Tree Grammars......Page 234
References to Template Expressions within Actions......Page 238
Error Reporting and Recovery......Page 241
A Parade of Errors......Page 242
Enriching Error Messages during Debugging......Page 245
Altering Recognizer Error Messages......Page 247
Exiting the Recognizer upon First Error......Page 251
Manually Specifying Exception Handlers......Page 253
Errors in Lexers and Tree Parsers......Page 254
Automatic Error Recovery Strategy......Page 256
Understanding Predicated-LL(*) Grammars......Page 261
LL(*) Parsing......Page 262
The Relationship between Grammars and Recognizers......Page 263
Why You Need LL(*)......Page 264
Toward LL(*) from LL(k)......Page 266
LL(*) and Automatic Arbitrary Regular Lookahead......Page 268
Ambiguities and Nondeterminisms......Page 273
Using Semantic and Syntactic Predicates......Page 292
Syntactic Ambiguities with Semantic Predicates......Page 293
Resolving Ambiguities and Nondeterminisms......Page 306
Semantic Predicates......Page 317
Resolving Non-LL(*) Conflicts......Page 318
Gated Semantic Predicates Switching Rules Dynamically......Page 325
Validating Semantic Predicates......Page 327
Limitations on Semantic Predicate Expressions......Page 328
Syntactic Predicates......Page 331
How ANTLR Implements Syntactic Predicates......Page 332
Using ANTLRWorks to Understand Syntactic Predicates......Page 336
Nested Backtracking......Page 337
Auto-backtracking......Page 340
Memoization......Page 343
Grammar Hazards with Syntactic Predicates......Page 348
Issues with Actions and Syntactic Predicates......Page 353
Bibliography......Page 357
A......Page 359
C......Page 360
F......Page 361
I......Page 362
M......Page 363
P......Page 364
R......Page 365
S......Page 366
T......Page 367
V......Page 368
Z......Page 369
