Making Sense of Data through Statistics: An Introduction

BOOK COVER......Page 1
TITLE PAGE......Page 2
DEDICATION......Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 4
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Data and Statistics......Page 5
Variables and Data......Page 7
Data Types......Page 9
Scales of Measurement......Page 10
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 14
Populations and Samples......Page 16
Sampling Approaches......Page 18
Sample Size......Page 22
Unit 2 Summary......Page 25
A Quick Look at Data Collection......Page 27
Unit 3 Summary......Page 31
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 32
From Statistics to Analytics......Page 33
Unit 4 Summary......Page 36
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 37
CHAPTER 2: Data Presentation......Page 39
Frequency Tables......Page 44
Frequency Tables for Qualitative Data......Page 45
Frequency Tables for Quantitative Data......Page 50
Unit 1 Summary......Page 58
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 60
Column Chart......Page 63
Histogram......Page 64
Stem-and-Leaf Plot......Page 70
Unit 2 Summary......Page 71
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 72
Relative Frequency......Page 74
Cumulative Relative Frequency......Page 79
Unit 4......Page 83
Comparing Nominal Data......Page 84
Describing the Relationship between Two Quantitative Variables......Page 85
Describing Time Series Data......Page 87
Unit 4 Summary......Page 88
Unit 4 Exercises......Page 89
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 90
CHAPTER 3: Measures of Centrality and Variation......Page 92
Measures of Centrality......Page 94
The Mean......Page 95
The Median......Page 101
The Mode......Page 103
Unit 1 Summary......Page 105
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 106
Measures of Variation......Page 108
Variance......Page 110
Standard Deviation......Page 112
The Coefficient of Variation......Page 117
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 118
Percentiles: Measures of Relative Standing......Page 120
Interquartile Range and Box Plots......Page 122
Unit 3 Summary......Page 126
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 127
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 128
CHAPTER 4: Probability......Page 132
The Vocabulary of Probability Theory......Page 133
Assigning Probability......Page 135
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 137
Relationships Between Events......Page 139
Contingency Tables......Page 142
The Addition Rule......Page 144
Conditional Probabilities......Page 147
The Multiplication Rule......Page 149
Unit 2 Summary......Page 150
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 151
Bayes’ Theorem......Page 154
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 160
End-of Chapter Practice......Page 161
CHAPTER 5: Discrete Probability Distributions......Page 166
Random Variables......Page 168
Probability Distribution......Page 170
Bivariate Probability Distributions......Page 174
Unit 1 Summary......Page 178
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 179
The Binomial Distribution......Page 184
Binomial Probability Distribution in Excel......Page 189
Unit 2 Summary......Page 191
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 192
The Poisson Distribution......Page 195
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 198
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 201
CHAPTER 6: Continuous Probability Distributions......Page 207
Continuous Probability Distributions......Page 208
The Uniform Distribution......Page 210
The Normal Distribution......Page 211
The t-Distribution......Page 213
The Chi-Square Distribution......Page 214
The F-Distribution......Page 215
Unit 1 Summary......Page 216
Working with the Normal Distribution......Page 217
Determining Normal Distribution Probabilities with Excel and with the Standard Normal Distribution Table......Page 223
P-Value......Page 228
Inverse Probability Calculations......Page 229
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 232
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 235
CHAPTER 7: Introducing Hypothesis Testing......Page 238
Stating Hypotheses......Page 240
Properly Formulating Hypotheses......Page 242
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 244
Sampling Distribution of the Mean......Page 246
The Central Limit Theorem......Page 252
Working with the Sampling Distribution of the Mean......Page 259
Solving Problems by Integrating Concepts from Multiple Chapters......Page 262
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 265
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing......Page 268
Type I and Type II Errors......Page 280
Unit 3 Summary......Page 283
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 285
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 287
CHAPTER 8: Additional Concepts in Hypothesis Testing......Page 290
The t-Distribution......Page 291
Hypothesis Test of the Population Mean when the Population Standard Deviation is Unknown......Page 295
Unit 1 Summary......Page 306
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 308
Confidence Interval for a Single Population Mean......Page 309
Confidence Interval for the Population Mean when Sigma is Known......Page 311
Confidence Interval for the Population Mean when Sigma is Unknown......Page 315
Unit 2 Summary......Page 317
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 318
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 321
CHAPTER 9: Hypothesis Testing for a Population Proportion and Variance......Page 325
Test of a Single Population Proportion......Page 326
Sampling Distribution of Proportions......Page 327
Conducting a Hypothesis Test of a Single Population Proportion......Page 330
Confidence Interval for a Single Population Proportion......Page 334
Unit 1 Summary......Page 336
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 337
Test of a Single Population Variance......Page 340
The Chi-Square Distribution......Page 341
Conducting a Hypothesis Test of a Single Population Variance......Page 345
Confidence Interval for a Single Population Variance......Page 350
Unit 2 Summary......Page 352
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 353
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 355
CHAPTER 10: Hypothesis Testing of Parameters from Two Populations......Page 359
Test of Two Populations’ Proportions......Page 361
Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Populations’ Proportions......Page 369
Unit 1 Summary......Page 370
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 371
Test of Two Populations’ Variances......Page 374
The F-Distribution......Page 375
Continuing with the Test of Two Populations’ Variances......Page 378
Confidence Interval for the Ratio of Two Populations’ Variances......Page 381
Unit 2 Summary......Page 382
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 384
Test of Two Populations’ Means......Page 385
Test of Two Populations’ Means: Equal Variances and Independent Samples......Page 387
Test of Two Populations’ Means: Unequal Variances and Independent Samples......Page 391
Test of Two Populations’ Means: Paired Samples......Page 394
Confidence Interval for the Difference between Two Populations’ Means......Page 399
Unit 3 Summary......Page 400
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 405
Bringing It All Together......Page 409
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 412
Chapter 11: Chi-Square Tests......Page 417
Goodness of Fit Test......Page 419
Goodness of Fit Test for Normality......Page 423
Sample Size Considerations......Page 427
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 428
Test of Independence......Page 431
Unit 2 Summary......Page 435
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 436
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 437
CHAPTER 12: Analysis of Variance......Page 442
Terminology and Assumptions......Page 444
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 448
One-Way ANOVA......Page 449
Unit 2 Summary......Page 458
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 459
Two-Way ANOVA......Page 462
Randomized Block ANOVA Design......Page 464
Two-Factors ANOVA......Page 477
Interpreting Interaction Effects......Page 486
Unit 3 Summary......Page 490
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 492
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 494
CHAPTER 13: Regression Analysis......Page 497
Terminology and Assumptions......Page 500
Unit 1 Exercises......Page 506
Conducting Regression Analysis......Page 507
The Coefficient of Determination......Page 513
The Standard Error of the Estimate......Page 518
The ANOVA Test......Page 519
The Regression Coefficients......Page 520
Improving the Model......Page 523
Unit 2 Summary......Page 528
Unit 2 Exercises......Page 529
Qualitative Independent Variables......Page 531
Understanding the Intercept......Page 537
Confidence and Prediction Intervals......Page 542
Unit 3 Summary......Page 546
Unit 3 Exercises......Page 547
End-of-Chapter Practice......Page 548
APPENDIX A......Page 552
F-Test: Two Sample for Variances......Page 553
t-Test: Two-Sample, Assuming Unequal Variances......Page 557
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means......Page 561
Exercises......Page 565
EXCEL FUNCTION INDEX......Page 567
EQUATION INDEX......Page 575
KEY TERM INDEX......Page 594