The book addresses why the Pakistani state is facing persistent challenges in extending and consolidating its governance (authority) throughout its territories, especially in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (ex-FATA)? Even after the de jure merger, the question still remains valid that how Pakistani state could establish its governance in these tribal areas? Through multi-dimensional approaches and multi-pronged analysis of state-centric (top-down), society-centric (bottom-up) and state-in-society (mixed-horizontal) approaches, the book explains factors and dimensions that pose challenges to Pakistani state governance in ex-FATA. The main hypothesis is that societies, where state governance is absent, turn to informal governance and create informal institutions as a substitute for the weak central state governance thereby challenging the domination and control/authority of the state. The book presents policy recommendations for bringing these tribal areas into the mainstream governance system of Pakistan.
Author(s): Asghar Khan
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 401
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Acronyms
Glossary of Local (Pukhto) Words
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
References
2 State Governance in the Ungoverned Territories—Theoretical Considerations
2.1 Governance in Ungoverned Territories
2.2 Theories and Paradigms of State’s Governance and Politics in Developing States
2.3 State-Centric Approach/Model
2.4 Society-Centric Approach/Model
2.4.1 Primordial (Historical) Dynamics of State–Society Relations and Interactions
2.4.2 Modern (Current) Dynamics of State–Society Relations and Interactions
2.5 State-In-Society Approach/Model
2.5.1 The State-In-Society Model
2.6 Operationalization of Variables—Governance Indicators
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Understanding the Governance of Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan
3.1 The Pakhtun Tribal Society and Culture
3.2 Politics: Participation and Representation
3.3 Administrative Governance
3.3.1 The Political Administration
3.3.2 The Malaki System
3.3.3 The Jirga System
3.3.4 The Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR)
3.4 The Economic Setup/Tribal Economy
3.5 Development Indicators and Issues
3.6 FATA as an Ungoverned Territory
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Challenges to State Governance in FATA—Society-Centric Approach
4.1 Primordial/Historical Factors of Resistance
4.1.1 Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Eras
4.1.1.1 The Colonial Period
4.1.2 History of Political Penetration by State–State Softness
4.1.3 Pacification Through Policy of Aggression and Repression
4.1.4 Yaghistan: Tribal Autonomy and Independence
4.1.5 Noble Savages—Azad Qabayel and the Memory of Social Heroism
4.1.6 Land of Insolence—Tribal Social Autonomy and Culture
4.1.7 Domestic Versus International Situations
4.1.8 The Wild West of Free Trade—The Informal Peripheral Economic Structure
4.1.9 Reliance on Informal Instead of Formal Institutions—Parallel Socio-Economic System and Structure
4.1.10 Living by the Code—Sociocultural Resistance to State
4.2 Modern (Current) Dynamics of State–Society Relations and Interactions
4.2.1 Strong Tribal Society and Weak State—Tribe and State Relations
4.2.2 Lack of Trust in State
4.2.3 Subjects Versus Citizens: Social Cohesion, Social Exclusion, and Marginalization
4.2.4 The Neglected Citizens—State-Society Connectedness and Citizenship
4.2.5 The Interactions Between the State and Society
4.3 Conclusion
References
5 Challenges to State Governance in FATA—State-Centric Approach
5.1 Governing/Living Without a State
5.2 Political Penetration of the State
5.2.1 Presence of State Institutions and Functions
5.2.2 State Physical Infrastructure
5.2.3 Prevalence of Corruption
5.2.4 State Legitimacy and Tribal Alienation
5.2.5 Prevalence Informal Economy Resisting State Penetration
5.2.6 Sociocultural Resistance to State Penetration
5.3 Weak Monopoly on the Use of Force
5.3.1 Presence of Armed Groups Outside State Control
5.3.2 Presence of Criminal Networks
5.3.3 Population with Access to Weapons
5.4 Lack of Effective Border Control
5.5 External Interference and Presence of Rival Neighbouring State on Border
5.6 State’s Uneven Territorial Reach
5.7 Lack of Will and Commitment
5.7.1 Buffer Zone and Policy of Strategic Depth
5.7.2 Treating FATA as an Internal Colony
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Challenges to State Governance in FATA—‘State-in-Society’ Approach
6.1 Pakistani State and Tribal Society Relations
6.1.1 Constitutional and Legal Account
6.1.2 Pakistani State Laws, Reforms, and Interventions
6.2 Pakistani State and Tribal Society
6.2.1 Penetration of Tribal Society by the State
6.2.2 Extraction of Resources by the State
6.2.3 Regulation of Social Relationships by the State
6.2.4 Distribution of Resources by State in Determined Ways
6.3 Social Forces in FATA
6.3.1 Social Forces and State
6.3.2 Formal Forces
6.3.3 Informal Forces
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Extension of State Governance in FATA-Prospects
7.1 Future of FATA
7.2 Merger of FATA with Adjacent Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province
7.3 Prospects for State Governance in FATA
7.4 Tangible Dimensions of Prospects
7.4.1 Development of Institutional Landscape and Infrastructure
7.4.2 State Physical Presence Infrastructure and Territorial Reach in Society
7.4.3 Legacy of State Softness and Indirect Rule
7.4.4 Caring for History of Tribal Areas Society
7.4.5 Respecting Tribal Local Culture, Pakhtunwali
7.4.6 Taking Stakeholder into Confidence
7.4.7 British Colonial Rule, Great Game, and Legacy
7.4.8 Western Model vs Local Indigenous Model
7.4.9 Will for Implementation of the Reforms
7.4.10 Security Challenges and FATA as a Buffer Zone and Strategic Depth
7.4.11 Developing Friendly Relations with Afghanistan
7.4.12 Turning the Tide
7.4.13 Inclusion Through Political Empowerment and Political Development
7.4.14 Taming the Warrior Tribal People Who Are Used to an Independent Life
7.4.15 Engaging and Merging by Consent Not by Duress
7.4.16 Incremental Reforms Instead of Haste
7.4.17 Ownership of Reforms by the Tribal People and Taking Elders into Confidence
7.4.18 Misperceptions, Stereotyping About Pakhtuns, and Ethnic Tension
7.4.19 Economic Reforms, Economic Inclusion, and Interventions
7.4.20 The De Jure Extension of Law and Mainstream Governance Instead of De Facto
7.5 Intangible Dimensions of Prospects
7.5.1 Building and Restoration of Trust
7.5.2 Reforming Local Governance Structures from Tribal Perspectives
7.5.3 Focussing on Tribal Socio-Political Context in Electoral Systems and Processes
7.5.4 Tribal Civic Trust and Participation in Reforms
7.5.5 Common History, Shared Identity, and Shared Social Memories
7.5.6 Local Conception of the Rule of Law
7.5.7 Local Tribal Perception of Security
7.5.8 Equal Citizen Rights: Social Cohesion, Social Exclusion, and Marginalization
7.5.9 The Interactions Between the State and Tribal Society
7.5.10 Local Resources, Processes, Norms, and Values of the Tribal Society
7.5.11 Legitimacy and Inclusion Through Catering Tribal Demands
7.5.12 Women Participation and Share
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Summary and Conclusion
8.1 Specific Findings
8.2 Broader Implications
8.3 Author’s Forecast
Appendices
Appendix A: Sampling and Sample Size for Field Survey (2017–2020)
Selection of Respondents and Starting Points
Appendix B: List of Interviewees/Interview Respondents (2017–2020)
Reference
Index
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