This book covers the new field of straintronics, using strain switched nanomagnets for extremely energy-efficient computing, information processing, communication, and signal generation. Based on well-established CMOS technology, traditional electronics have two significant shortcomings: excessive energy dissipation and volatility, which is the inability to retain information after power has been switched off. Straintronics is more energy-efficient and non-volatile (but also more error-prone), allowing it to eclipse traditional electronics in niche areas that are increasingly attracting attention, such as image processing and probabilistic computing, computer vision, machine learning, neuromorphic networks, probabilistic computing, and belief networks.
Magnetic Straintronics: An Energy-Efficient Hardware Paradigm for Digital and Analog Information Processing introduces straintronics and the technology's myriad applications for researchers, engineers, and scientists in electrical engineering, physics, and computer engineering.
Author(s): Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
Series: Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 138
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Magnetic Straintronics
1.1 Introduction: Energy and Information
References
2 Binary Switches for Digital Information Processing
2.1 Charge-Based Switches: The Transistor
2.1.1 Minimum Energy Dissipation in Charge-Based Switches for Reliability
2.2 Magnetic Switches
2.3 Correlated Motion in Single Domain Magnetic Switches
2.4 Reading the Bit State of a Magnetic Switch by Electrical Means: Spin to Charge Conversion
References
3 Switching a Magnetic Switch with an Electrical Current or Voltage
3.1 Current-Controlled Mechanisms for Switching the Magnetization of Nanomagnets
3.1.1 Switching with a Local Magnetic Field Generated by a Current
3.1.2 Spin-Transfer Torque
3.2 Spin–orbit Torque
3.3 Voltage-Controlled Mechanisms for Switching the Magnetization of Nanomagnets
3.3.1 Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (VCMA)
3.3.2 Straintronics
3.4 Historical Perspective
References
4 Full Magnetic Reversal of a Magnetostrictive Nanomagnet Using Electrically Generated Strain
4.1 Precisely Controlled Strain Pulse for Complete Magnetization Reversal
4.2 Successive 90° Rotations for Complete Magnetization Reversal
4.3 Switching with a 4-Electrode Configuration for Complete Magnetization Reversal
4.4 Non-toggle Switch
References
5 Non-volatile Memory Implemented with Straintronic Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
5.1 Volatile Memory with Straintronic MTJ
5.2 Non-volatile Memory with Mixed Mode (Straintronic + STT) MTJ
5.3 Straintronic Ternary Content Addressable Memory
5.4 Memory Scaling Issues in Straintronic Memory
References
6 Straintronic Boolean Logic: Energy-Efficient but Error-Prone
6.1 Dipole Coupled Nanomagnetic Logic
6.2 Straintronic Dipole Coupled Nanomagnetic Logic
6.2.1 Straintronic Nanomagnetic Inverter
6.2.2 Experimental Demonstration of Straintronic Nanomagnetic Inverter
6.2.3 Straintronic NAND Gate with Fan-Out
6.2.4 Steering Logic Bits Unidirectionally from One Logic Stage to the Next: Bennett Clocking with Straintronics
6.2.5 Experimental Demonstration of Straintronic Bennett Clocking
6.3 Switching Errors in Dipole Coupled Straintronic Boolean Logic Gates
6.4 Switching Errors Caused by Defects and Imperfections
6.5 Relatively Error-Resilient Straintronic Universal Logic Gate not Based on Dipole Coupling
References
7 Switching the Magnetizations of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets with Time Varying Periodic Strain (Surface Acoustic Waves)
7.1 Switching an Isolated Magnetostrictive Nanomagnet with Time-Varying Strain (Acoustic Wave)
7.2 A Dipole-Coupled Straintronic Inverter Clocked with an Acoustic Wave
7.3 Switching a Magnetic Tunnel Junction with a Mixture of Spin Transfer Torque and Resonant Surface Acoustic Waves
7.4 Simulated Annealing in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Array of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets Actuated by a Surface Acoustic Wave
References
8 Analog Straintronics
8.1 Straintronic Microwave Oscillator
8.2 Straintronic Analog Multiplier
References
9 Straintronic Nano-Antennas
9.1 Straintronic RF Electromagnetic Antennas Actuated by the Inverse Magnetostrictive (Villari) Effect
9.2 Straintronic Microwave Electromagnetic Antennas Actuated by Tripartite Phonon-Magnon-Photon Coupling
9.3 Acoustic Nano-Antennas Actuated by the Direct Magnetostrictive Effect
References
10 Non-Boolean Straintronic Processors
10.1 Straintronic Image Processor
10.2 Straintronic Neuron/Perceptron
10.3 Straintronic Platforms for Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems
10.4 Straintronic Correlator/Anti-Correlator
10.5 Bayesian Inference Engines and Belief Networks
References
11 Hybrid Straintronics and Magnonics
11.1 Hybrid Magneto-Dynamical Modes
11.2 Amplification of Spin Waves in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Array of Magnetostrictive Nanomagnets Fabricated on a Piezoelectric Substrate by a Surface Acoustic Wave
11.3 Magnon-Phonon Interaction
11.4 Strong Coupling Between Magnon and Phonon and the Formation of Magnon-Polaron
References
