Bioimaging is a sophisticated, non-invasive, and non-destructive technique for the direct visualization of biological processes. Highly luminescent quantum dots combined with magnetic nanoparticles or ions form an exciting class of new materials for bioimaging. These materials can be prepared in cost-effective ways and show unique optical behaviors. Magnetic Quantum Dots for Bioimaging explores leading research in the fabrication, characterization, properties, and application of magnetic quantum dots in bioimaging.
Covers synthesis, properties, and bioimaging techniques
Discusses modern manufacturing technologies and purification of magnetic quantum dots
Explores thoroughly the properties and extent of magnetization to various imaging techniques
Describes the biocompatibility, suitability, and toxic effects of magnetic quantum dots
Reviews recent innovations, applications, opportunities, and future directions in magnetic quantum dots and their surface-decorated nanomaterials
This comprehensive reference offers a road map of the use of these innovative materials for researchers, academics, technologists, and advanced students working in materials engineering and sensor technology.
Author(s): Amin Reza Rajabzadeh, Seshasai Srinivasan, Poushali Das, Sayan Ganguly
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 304
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
1 Introduction to Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Imaging Probes
1.3 Nanoparticles and Their Types
1.4 Quantum Dots
1.5 Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
1.7 Limitations of MNPs and Quantum Dots in Bioimaging
1.8 Types of MQDs
1.9 Fundamental Properties of MQDs
1.10 Criteria for the Preparation of Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.11 Synthesis of Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.12 Characterization of Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.13 Application of Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.14 Toxicity Concern for Magnetic Quantum Dots
1.15 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
2 Synthesis Approaches of Magnetic Quantum Dots
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis Methods of MQDs
2.2.1 Heterocrystalline Growth
2.2.2 Encapsulation and Assembly Method
2.2.2.1 MQDs Embedded in Silica Matrix
2.2.2.2 MQDs Embedded in Polymer Beads or Micelles
2.2.3 Doping of Paramagnetic Transition Metal Ions or Iron Ions Into QDs
2.2.4 Miscellaneous Methods for MQD Synthesis
2.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
3 Optical Properties of Magnetic Quantum Dots
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Background
3.2.1 Mn Doping in II-VI QDs
3.2.2 Mn Doping in III-V QDs
3.3 Optical Properties of Magnetic Quantum Dots
3.3.1 Oscillator Strength
3.3.2 Refractive Index
3.3.3 Absorption Coefficient
3.4 Tailoring of Optical Properties for Biological Applications
3.4.1 Multimodal Imaging
3.4.2 Molecular Detection and Separation
3.4.3 Theranostics
3.5 Toxicity
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
4 Characterization Techniques of Magnetic Quantum Dots
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tools and Techniques for Characterization
4.2.1 Scattering Analysis
4.2.2 X-Ray Characterization
4.2.2.1 Rietveld Refinement
4.2.3 Spectroscopic Analysis
4.2.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
4.2.3.2 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
4.2.3.3 Optical Analysis Using Derivative Spectroscopy
4.2.4 Microscopic Techniques for Nanostructure Characterization
4.2.4.1 FESEM Analysis
4.2.4.2 HRTEM Analysis
4.2.5 Magnetic Characterization
4.2.5.1 VSM Analysis
4.2.5.2 Deep Insight Into Magnetic Results Using Derivative Spectroscopy
4.2.6 FT-IR Analysis
4.3 Key Notes
4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5 History and Techniques of Bioimaging
5.1 Evolution of Imaging: Brief Introduction
5.2 Bioimaging: Definition
5.3 Bioimaging: Initial Developments
5.3.1 Bioimaging Modalities: An Overview
5.3.1.1 X-Ray Radiography
5.3.1.2 Computed Tomography
5.3.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
5.3.1.4 Ultrasonography
5.3.1.5 Positron Emission Tomography
5.3.1.6 Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography
5.4 Advancements in Bioimaging: Molecular and Cellular Imaging
5.5 Evolution of Molecular Probes and Quantum Dots in Bioimaging
5.5.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
5.5.2 CT Contrast Agents
5.5.3 Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emitted Tomography
5.5.4 Optical Imaging: Fluorescence Microscopy and Quantum Dots
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Fluorescent Magnetic Quantum Dots in Bioimaging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Synthesis of Fluorescent Magnetic Quantum Dots
6.2.1 High-Temperature Decomposition
6.2.2 Doping
6.2.3 Crosslinking
6.2.4 Encapsulation
6.3 Types of Magnetic Quantum Dots
6.3.1 Core/Shell and Heterostructures (Type I)
6.3.2 Doped QDs (Type II)
6.3.3 Composite Particles Containing Semiconducting Nanoparticles and MNPs (Type III)
6.3.4 QDs With a Paramagnetic Coating of Gd-Chelates (Type IV)
6.4 Applications of Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.4.1 Multimodal Imaging
6.4.2 Detection and Separation
6.4.3 Theranostics
6.4.4 Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS)
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Magnetic Quantum Dots for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Biomedical Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Different Types of MQDs
7.3 MNP/QDs Heterostructures for MRI
7.4 Doped QDs for MRI
7.5 QDs With Porous Material Nanoparticles for MRI
7.6 Gd Chelates Conjugated QD for MRI
7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8 A Siege Cancer Phototherapies By Magnetic Quantum Dots: An Overview, Challenges, and Recent Advancements
8.1 Cancer Phototherapies
8.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in Cancer Treatments
8.2.1 Mechanism
8.2.2 Limitations of PDT
8.2.2.1 Inherent Photosensitizers
8.2.2.2 Tissue Oxygen
8.2.2.3 Density of Light
8.2.3 Solution to the Drawbacks of PDT
8.3 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) in Cancer Treatments
8.3.1 Mechanism
8.3.2 Limitations of PTT
8.3.2.1 Thermal Damage to Normal Tissue
8.3.2.2 Insufficient Photothermal Effect
8.3.3 Solution to the Drawbacks of PTT
8.4 Recent Advancements of Magnetic Quantum Dots in Cancer Phototherapies
8.4.1 Metallic M-QDs
8.4.1.1 Iron Oxide M-QDs
8.4.1.2 Gold M-QDs
8.4.1.3 Silver M-QDs
8.4.1.4 Manganese M-QDs
8.4.1.5 Molybdenum M-QDs
8.4.1.6 Zinc M-QDs
8.4.2 Metallic Semi-Conductor Quantum Dots (MSCQDs)
8.4.3 Carbon-Based M-QDs
8.4.3.1 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
8.4.3.2 Carbon Dots (C-DOTs)
8.4.4 Hybrid M-QDs
8.5 Clinical Interference of Phototherapies
References
9 Magnetic Quantum Dots for In-Vitro Imaging
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Quantum Dots
9.3 Magnetic Quantum Dots for In-Vitro Imaging
9.4 Challenges and Future Perspective
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Magnetic Quantum Dots for In-Vivo Imaging
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Photo Physical Properties of Quantum Dots
10.3 Advantages of QDs in Bioimaging
10.4 Synthetic Methods of Magnetic Quantum Dots
10.4.1 Synthesis of MQDs By Hetero-Crystalline Growth
10.4.2 Synthesis of MQDs By Doping
10.4.3 Synthesis of MQDs By Cross-Linking
10.4.4 Synthesis of MQDs By the Encapsulation Method
10.5 Nanoprobes for Multimodal Imaging Using Fluorescent and Magnetic Quantum Dots
10.6 Applications of MQDs in In-Vivo Imaging
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
11 Carbon Quantum Dots-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis Procedures of Magnetic Quantum Dots
11.3 Magnetic QDs for Imaging Applications
11.4 Supported Matrix Magnetic QDs for Imaging Applications
11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
12 Cytotoxicity of the Magnetic Quantum Dots
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Different Polymers and Their Biocompatibility
12.3 In-Vitro Cytotoxicity of QD-Polymer Composites
12.4 In-Vivo Cytotoxicity of QDs: Polymer Nanocomposites
12.5 Biocompatibility and Conjugation of QD-Polymer Nanocomposites
12.6 Summary
References
13 Challenges and Future Prospects of Magnetic Quantum Dots
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Versatility and Applications
13.3 Magnetic Resonance-Based Bioimaging
13.4 Today’s Market of QDs and Associated Compounds
13.5 Bioassay Commercialization: Issues and Solutions
13.6 QDs’ Market in Microfluidics
13.7 One Stage Further: In the Direction of Creative Methods
13.8 Potential Future Vista
13.9 Lingering Issues, Difficulties, and Unsettled Debates
13.10 Summary
References
Index
