Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Magnetic Materials
1.1 Theory and Fundamentals of Magnetization
1.2 Type of Magnetism
1.2.1 Diamagnetism
1.2.2 Paramagnetism
1.2.3 Ferromagnetism
1.2.4 Antiferromagnetism
1.2.5 Ferrimagnetism
1.3 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Characteristics of Magnetic Materials
1.3.1 Intrinsic Properties
1.3.1.1 Saturation Magnetization (Ms)
1.3.1.2 Curie Temperature (TC)
1.3.1.3 Magnetic Anisotropy
1.3.2 Extrinsic Properties
References
Chapter 2 Type and Characteristics of Magnetic Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
2.2.1 Soft Magnetic Materials
2.2.2 Hard Magnetic Materials
2.3 Hysteresis Loop
2.3.1 The Process of Hysteresis Loop Formation
2.3.2 Domain Orientation in Directions Favorable to the Applied Field
2.4 Magnetic Characteristic Measurements
2.4.1 M–H Hysteresis Loop
2.4.2 B–H Hysteresis Loop
2.5 Magnetic Losses
2.5.1 Eddy Current Losses
2.5.2 Residual Losses
2.5.3 Hysteresis Losses
References
Chapter 3 Insight into the Synthesis of Nanostructured Magnetic Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis Process of the Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.3 Importance of the Synthesis and/or Preparation Methods
3.4 Dependency of Particle Size and Shape on Synthesize Route
3.5 Questions Related to the Selected Synthesis Route
3.6 Dependency of Magnetic Behaviors on Particle/Grain Size
3.7 Dependency of Magnetic Behaviors on Particle/Grain Shape
3.8 Introduction to Wet‐Chemical Synthesis Route
3.8.1 Microemulsion
3.8.2 Hydrothermal Method
3.8.3 Co‐precipitation
3.8.4 Sonochemical
3.8.5 Sol–Gel Method
3.8.6 Thermal Decomposition
3.8.7 Solvothermal
3.8.8 Microwave‐Assisted Route
3.8.9 Green‐Assisted Synthesis Route
3.9 Introduction to Solid‐State Routes to Synthesize Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.9.1 A Standard Ceramic Route
3.9.2 Mechanical Alloying (MA) Process
3.10 Some Methods for Extraction of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Industrial Wastes
3.10.1 Magnetic Separation Technique (MST)
3.10.2 Curie Temperature Separation Technique
3.10.3 Oxidation of Wuestite
References
Chapter 4 Parallel Evolution of Microstructure‐Magnetic Properties Relationship in Nanostructured Ferrites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Insights into a Sintering Phenomenon
4.2.1 Magnetism‐Microstructure Parallel Evolution in Yttrium Iron Garnet
4.2.2 Magnetism‐Microstructure Parallel Evolution in Hard Ferrites
4.2.3 Magnetism‐Microstructure Parallel Evolution in Soft Ferrites
4.3 Soaking or Sintering Time
4.4 Heating Rate
4.5 Trends of Sintering: Single‐Sample and Multi‐Sample Sintering
4.6 Conclusion and Perspective Outlook
References
Chapter 5 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Employed Technical Resources for Surface Modification
5.2.1 Plasma Treatment
5.2.2 Corona Discharge
5.2.3 Parylene Coating
5.2.4 Photolysis
5.2.5 Other Methods and Examples
5.3 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Surfactant
5.4 Current Trends for Surface Modification of Nanomaterials
5.4.1 Chemical Functionalization
5.4.2 Physical Functionalization
5.5 Surface Modification Based on Organic Reactions
5.6 Surface Modification Based on Polymerization
5.7 Surface Modification with Inorganic Layers
5.8 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Insight into Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID)
6.1 Introduction to SQUID
6.1.1 A Radio Frequency (RF) SQUID
6.1.2 A Direct Current (DC) SQUID
6.2 Superconducting Materials Used in SQUID
6.3 What Is the Basic Principle in SQUID VSM Magnetometer?
6.4 Superconductivity
6.4.1 Electron–Lattice Interaction
6.4.2 Cooper Pairs
6.4.3 Energy Gap
6.4.4 Coherence
6.4.5 Flux Quantization
6.5 Josephson Tunneling (JT) Phenomenon
6.6 Utilizations and Applications of SQUID
6.7 Advantage and Disadvantage of SQUID Compared to Other Techniques in Characterization of Magnetic Nanomaterials
References
Chapter 7 The Principle of SQUID Magnetometry and Its Contribution in MNPs Evaluation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Correct Procedure to Perform the Zero Field Cooling (ZFC) and Field Cooling (FC) Magnetic Study
7.3 The Concept of Merging Zero Field Cooled (ZFC) and Field Cooled (FC) Curve Completely with Each Other
7.4 Types of Information Obtained from the ZFC and FC Curves
7.4.1 Blocking Temperature
7.4.2 Néel Temperature
7.4.3 Types of Magnetism
7.4.4 Spin Glass (SG) and Superparamagnetic (SPM)
7.5 SQUID Magnetometry: Magnetic Measurements
7.5.1 Magnetization Versus Temperature, M(T)
7.5.1.1 Blocking Temperature (TB) as a Function of Particle Size Distribution
7.5.1.2 Dependency of Blocking Temperature (TB) on the Volume of Particles
7.5.1.3 The Field Dependence of the Blocking Temperature
7.5.1.4 The Blocking Temperature (TB) Versus Applied Pressure, and Density
7.5.1.5 Effect of Heat Treatment on Blocking Temperature
7.5.2 Magnetization as a Function of Applied Magnetic Field
References
Chapter 8 Type of Interactions in Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Magnetic Dipole–Dipole Interaction Between Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.3 Exchange Interaction
8.3.1 Direct Exchange Interaction
8.3.2 Indirect Exchange Interaction
8.4 Super‐Exchange Interaction
8.5 Dipolar Interactions
8.6 Spin–Orbit Interaction
References
Chapter 9 Insight into AC Susceptibility Measurements in Nanostructured Magnetic Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 AC Susceptibility Measurement
9.3 AC Susceptibility as a Probe of Magnetic Dynamics in a Wide Variety of Systems
9.3.1 AC Susceptibility as a Probe of Low‐Frequency Magnetic Dynamics
9.3.2 AC Susceptibility as a Probe of High‐Frequency Magnetic Dynamics
9.4 Information Obtained from Susceptibility Measurements
9.5 Insight into the Interaction Between Magnetic Nanoparticles and Used Models
9.5.1 Néel–Brown Model
9.5.2 Vogel–Fulcher Model
9.5.3 Conventional Critical Slowing Down Model
9.5.4 Power Law (P‐L) Model
9.6 Examples of Evaluation of AC Susceptibility in MNPs
9.7 Using AC Susceptibility Measurements to Probe Transitions in Colloidal Suspensions
References
Chapter 10 Induced Effects in Nanostructured Magnetic Materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Spin‐Canted Effect
10.3 Spin‐Glass‐Like Behavior in Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.4 Reentrant Spin Glass (RSG) Behavior in Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.5 Finite Size Effects on Magnetic Properties
10.6 Surface Effect in Nanosized Particles
10.7 Memory Effect
References
Chapter 11 Insight into Superparamagnetism in Magnetic Nanoparticles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Description of Superparamagnetism Based on Size of Particles and Magnetic Measurements
11.3 SPM Description Based on Magnetization Hysteresis Loop (M–H or B–H)
11.4 SPM Detection Based on ZFC and FC Magnetization Curves
References
Chapter 12 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
12.1 Introduction to Mössbauer Spectroscopy
12.2 Observed Effects in Mössbauer
12.2.1 Mössbauer Effect
12.2.2 Recoil Effect
12.2.3 Doppler Effect
12.3 Hyperfine Interactions
12.3.1 Electric Monopole Interaction
12.3.1.1 S‐Electron Density (Indirectly p and d‐Electron Density)
12.3.1.2 Dependency of Isomer Shift on Spin State
12.3.1.3 Dependency of Isomer Shift on Strong Field Ligands
12.3.1.4 Dependency of Isomer Shift on Electronegativity of Ligands
12.3.2 Electric Quadrupole Interaction (Quadrupole Splitting)
12.3.3 Magnetic Dipole Interaction (Magnetic Splitting)
12.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Magnetism
12.4.1 Superparamagnetic Characterization
12.4.2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Characterize the Effect of Synthesis Method on the MNPs Behavior
12.5 Phase Formation Evaluation Through Mössbauer Spectroscopy
12.6 Chemical Composition Evaluation Based on the Mössbauer Spectroscopy Spectra
References
Chapter 13 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Application in Engineering
13.2.1 Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Magnetic Nanoparticles in Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF)
13.2.2 Environmental Engineering: Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment
13.2.3 Surface Engineering
13.2.4 Tissue Engineering (TE)
13.3 Magnetic Nanoparticle Application in Energy
13.3.1 Supercapacitors and Batteries
13.3.2 Solar Cells
13.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Application in Medical Science
13.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
13.4.2 Drug Delivery
13.4.3 An Introduction to Hyperthermia (Therapy) in Cancer Treatment (Methods, Mechanisms, Constraints, and Role of Nanotechnology)
13.4.3.1 Magnetic Loss Processes Contributed to Magnetic Heating
13.4.3.2 Challenges of Magnetic Hyperthermia for Therapeutic Uses
13.5 Other General Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
References
Index
EULA