Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 16
1.1 Some Words about Nanoparticles......Page 18
1.2 Scope......Page 20
1.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles Inside Us and Everywhere Around Us......Page 21
1.3 The Most Extensively Studied Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Preparation......Page 22
1.3.1 Metals......Page 23
1.3.2 Nanoparticles of Rare Earth Metals......Page 26
1.3.3 Oxidation of Metallic Nanoparticles......Page 27
1.3.4.1 Fe–Co Alloys......Page 28
1.3.5 Magnetic Oxides......Page 30
1.3.6 Final Remarks......Page 36
2.1 What Makes Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles Different from Bulk Materials?......Page 42
2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Metal Nanoparticles......Page 45
2.2.1.1 Electron Transfer Reduction......Page 46
2.2.1.2 Reduction via Intermediate Complexes......Page 49
2.2.2.1 Decomposition of Metal Carbonyls......Page 53
2.2.2.2 Decomposition of Metal Alkene and Arene Complexes......Page 55
2.2.3 Combination Methods Used for Synthesis of Alloy Nanoparticles......Page 56
2.3.1.1 Hydrolysis in Aqueous Solutions......Page 57
2.3.1.2 Hydrolysis in Nonaqueous Solutions......Page 59
2.3.2 Oxidation Reactions......Page 63
2.3.3 Thermal Decomposition of Metal Complexes with O-Donor Ligands......Page 64
2.4 Technology of the Preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 66
2.4.1 Stabilizing Agents in Homogeneous Solution Techniques......Page 67
2.4.2 Heterogeneous Solution Techniques......Page 68
2.5 Conclusions......Page 70
3.1 Introduction......Page 76
3.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrices......Page 77
3.2.4 Peculiarities of Magnetic Behavior of Metallic Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix......Page 80
3.3 Magnetic Metal Nanoparticles in Stabilizing the Polymer Matrix In Situ via Thermal Transformations of Metal-Containing Monomers......Page 84
3.3.1.1 Dehydration......Page 85
3.3.1.3 Kinetics of Decarboxylation......Page 86
3.3.2 The Topography and Structure of Magnetic Metallopolymer Nanocomposites......Page 92
3.3.3 The Magnetic Properties of the Metallopolymer Nanocomposites......Page 95
3.4 Conclusion......Page 99
Acknowledgments......Page 100
4.1 Introduction......Page 104
4.2.1 Synthesis......Page 105
4.2.2 Composition and Structure of Magnetic Nanometallopolymers......Page 109
4.3.1 Iron Containing Nanoparticles......Page 110
4.3.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 118
4.3.3 Cobalt Nanoparticles......Page 121
4.3.4 Co@Fe2O3 Particles......Page 123
4.4 FMR Investigations of Nanocomposites......Page 125
4.5 Conclusions......Page 129
Acknowledgments......Page 131
5.1 Introduction......Page 134
5.2 Two-Dimensional Systems: Layers and Nanofilms......Page 136
5.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures......Page 138
5.2.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Technique......Page 141
5.2.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly......Page 147
5.2.3.1 Supported Films......Page 148
5.2.3.2 Nanofilm Capsules......Page 151
5.2.3.3 Free-Standing and Free-Floating Films......Page 152
5.2.4 Bulk Phase Self-Assembled Sheetlike Nano.lms......Page 154
5.3 Anisotropic and Quasilinear (1D) Systems......Page 162
5.3.1 Synthesis under Applied Magnetic Field......Page 163
5.3.2 Ligand Effects and Synthesis in Nanostructured Media......Page 165
5.3.3 Quasilinear Nanoparticulate Structures......Page 170
5.3.4 Templated Structures......Page 173
5.3.5 Nanotubes......Page 177
5.4 Patterned, Self-Organized, Composite, and Other Complex Magnetic Nanoparticulate Nanostructures......Page 180
5.5 Bioinorganic Magnetic Nanostructures......Page 187
5.6 Magnetic Properties of Organized Ensembles of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 191
5.7 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 199
Acknowledgments......Page 200
6.1 Introduction......Page 214
6.2 Magnetism of Nanoparticles in the View of Atomic and Solid State Physics......Page 215
6.3 Magnetic Finite-Size Effects and Characteristic Magnetic Lengths. Single-Domain Particles......Page 216
6.4 Shape Effects......Page 225
6.5 Superparamagnetism......Page 227
6.6 Surface Effects......Page 231
6.7 Matrix Effects......Page 237
6.8 Interparticle Interaction Effects......Page 240
6.9 Nanoparticles of Typical Magnetic Materials: Illustrative Examples......Page 244
6.10 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles......Page 249
6.11.1 Magnetism of Intrinsic and Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors......Page 250
6.11.2 Unusual Magnetism of Magnetic Semiconductors and Role of Nanosize Effects......Page 252
6.12.1 High-Density Information Magnetic Storage......Page 255
6.12.2 Traditional and New Applications of Ferro.uids......Page 257
6.12.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles and Spintronics......Page 261
6.13 Final Remarks......Page 263
7.1 Introduction......Page 272
7.2 Superparamagnetic Resonance Spectrum in a Disordered System......Page 274
7.3 Resonance Magnetic Field......Page 276
7.4.1.1 Definitions......Page 280
7.4.1.2 The Bloch–Bloembergen Equation......Page 282
7.4.1.3 The Modified Bloch Equation......Page 285
7.4.1.5 The Landau–Lifshitz Equation......Page 286
7.4.1.6 The Callen Equation......Page 288
7.4.2 Linewidths and Apparent Shift of the Resonance Field......Page 289
7.4.3 Angular Dependence of the Linewidth......Page 291
7.5.1 De Biasi and Devezas model......Page 292
7.5.2 Raikher and Stepanov Model......Page 295
7.6.1 Distribution of Diameters......Page 296
7.6.2 Nonsphericity of Nanoparticles: Distribution of Demagnetizing Factors......Page 297
7.6.3 Joint Distribution of Diameters and Demagnetizing Factors......Page 302
7.7.1 Lithium Borate Glass......Page 304
7.7.2 Sol–Gel Silica Glass......Page 309
7.7.3 Potassium-Alumino-Borate Glass......Page 312
7.8 Conclusions and Prospective......Page 314
8.1 Introduction......Page 320
8.2.1.1 Particles of Perfect Geometrical Shape......Page 323
8.2.1.2 Particle of Quasiellipsoidal Shape......Page 327
8.2.2 Nonuniform States......Page 330
8.2.2.1 Spherical Particle......Page 331
8.2.2.2 Ellipsoidal Particle......Page 334
8.2.2.3 Cylindrical Particle......Page 336
8.2.2.4 Cubic Particle......Page 338
8.3 Surface and Interface Effects......Page 339
8.3.1 Brown’s Surface Anisotropy......Page 341
8.3.2 Surface Spin Disorder......Page 344
8.3.3 Interface Boundary Condition......Page 347
8.4 Thermally Activated Switching......Page 349
8.4.1 Analytical Estimates of the Relaxation Time......Page 350
8.4.2 Stochastic Langevin Equation......Page 351
8.4.3.1 Uniaxial Anisotropy......Page 352
8.4.3.2 Nonsymmetrical Case......Page 353
8.4.3.3 Cubic Anisotropy......Page 356
8.4.4 Nonuniform Modes......Page 358
8.5 Conclusions......Page 360
9.1 Introduction......Page 366
9.2 High-Spin 3d-Metal Pivalate Polymers as a Good Starting Spin Materials......Page 368
9.3 Chemical Design of High-Spin Polynuclear Structures with Different Magnetic Properties......Page 382
9.4 Pivalate-Bridged Heteronuclear Magnetic Species......Page 391
9.5 Pivalate-Based Single Molecular Magnets......Page 402
9.6 Conclusions......Page 405
10.1 Introduction......Page 410
10.2 Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 414
10.3 Magnetic Separation for Purification and Immunoassay......Page 418
10.3.1 Cell Labeling for Separation......Page 419
10.3.2 Magnetic Separator Design......Page 421
10.3.4 The Immunomagnetic Separation......Page 422
10.3.5 Basic Principles of Magnetic Separation of Proteins and Peptides......Page 425
10.3.6 Examples of Magnetic Separations of Proteins and Peptides......Page 427
10.3.6.1 Perspectives......Page 429
10.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy......Page 431
10.4.1 Is a Heat Suitable for Health?......Page 432
10.4.2 Basics of Hyperthermia......Page 436
10.4.3 Magnetic Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment......Page 439
10.4.4 Prospective of Clinical Applications......Page 442
10.4.5 Conclusions......Page 445
10.5 Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery......Page 446
10.5.2 Magnetic Targeting Applications......Page 448
10.5.3 Targeted Liposomal Drug and Gene Delivery......Page 449
10.5.5 Other Magnetic Targeting Applications......Page 453
10.5.6 MRI Contrast Enhancement......Page 454
10.6 Prospective of MRI......Page 460
10.7 Problems and Perspectives......Page 461
Index......Page 474