Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances in High-Energy Density Batteries

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Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances in High-Energy Density Batteries
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Technology background and novel materials
Chapter 1: Introduction to the lithium-sulfur system: Technology and electric vehicle applications
Contents
1.1. Introduction to lithium-sulfur battery
1.2. Electric vehicle batteries
1.3. Early lithium-sulfur batteries
1.4. Lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries
1.5. Sulfur
1.6. Today's lithium-sulfur batteries
1.7. Cathodes
1.8. Anode and electrolyte
1.9. Fundamental challenge: Low cell voltage
1.10. Goal: Commercialized battery
References
Chapter 2: Solid electrolytes for lithium-sulfur batteries
Contents
2.1. Introduction to Li-S batteries
2.2. Introduction to solid electrolytes
2.3. Brief history of solid electrolytes
2.4. Introduction to inorganic solid electrolytes
2.4.1. Li-S batteries based on NASICON-type electrolytes
2.4.2. Li-S battery based on garnet-type electrolytes
2.4.3. Li-S batteries based on sulfide-type electrolytes
2.4.3.1. Li-S batteries based on thiophosphates
2.4.3.2. Li-S batteries based on argyrodite
2.4.3.3. Li-S batteries based on glass and glass-ceramics
2.5. Li-S batteries based on polymer electrolytes
2.5.1. Solid polymer electrolytes
2.5.2. Gel polymer electrolytes
2.6. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Applications of metal-organic frameworks for lithium-sulfur batteries
Contents
3.1. Introduction
3.2. MOFs for lithium-sulfur batteries
3.2.1. MOFs as sulfur hosts for lithium-sulfur batteries
3.2.1.1. Pristine MOFs as sulfur hosts
Pore structure
Metal-containing units
Organic ligands
3.2.1.2. MOF composites as sulfur hosts
MOF with carbon-based composites
MOF/graphene composites
MOF/carbon nanotubes composites
MOF/conductive polymer composites
3.2.1.3. MOF-derived materials
MOF-derived carbon
MOF-derived metal compounds/carbon
MOF-derived metal/C composites
MOF-derived metal oxide/C composites
MOF-derived metal sulfide/C composites
MOF-derived metal carbide/C composites
MOF-derived metal nitride/C composites
3.2.2. MOF-based separator/interlayer for Li-S batteries
3.2.3. MOF-based electrolytes for Li-S batteries
3.2.4. MOF-based anode for Li-S batteries
3.3. Characterization techniques
3.3.1. In situ X-ray techniques
3.3.1.1. In situ powder X-ray diffraction
3.3.1.2. In situ X-ray microscopy
3.3.1.3. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy
3.3.2. In situ optical spectroscopic techniques
3.3.2.1. In situ UV-Vis spectroscopy
3.3.2.2. In situ infrared spectroscopy
3.3.2.3. In situ Raman spectroscopy
3.4. Summary and outlook
3.4.1. Cathode
3.4.2. Interlayers/separators
3.4.3. Electrolyte
3.4.4. Anode
3.4.5. Characterization
Acknowledgments
References
Part II: Modeling and characterization
Chapter 4: Multiscale modeling of physicochemical interactions in lithium-sulfur battery electrodes
Contents
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The growth of crystalline Li2S film in cathode
4.2.1. Exposed surface of solid Li2S film
4.2.2. Atomistic insights into the growth process
4.2.3. Formation of Li2S/graphite interface
4.2.4. Interfacial model for Li2S film growth
4.3. Parasitic reactions in anode
4.3.1. Passivation of metallic Li anode
4.3.2. Mesoscale model for analyzing self-discharge
4.4. Summary and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5: Reliable HPLC-MS method for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of dissolved polysulfide ion
Contents
5.1. Introduction to HPLC-MS
5.1.1. High-performance liquid chromatography
5.1.2. Mass spectrometry and other detectors
5.2. Dissolved polysulfide ions and their behaviors in nonaqueous electrolytes
5.3. Advantages of HPLC-MS vs. other analytical techniques
5.4. One-step derivatization, separation, and determination of polysulfide ions
5.5. The mechanism of sulfur redox reaction determined in situ electrochemical-HPLC technique
5.5.1. Mechanism studies with other techniques
5.5.2. Investigation of sulfur redox mechanism using electrochemical HPLC techniques
5.5.2.1. First reduction wave of sulfur: From elemental sulfur to polysulfide
5.5.2.2. The change of dissolved polysulfide distribution during sulfur redox reaction
5.5.2.3. Chemical equilibrium
5.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Modeling of electrode, electrolyte, and interfaces of lithium-sulfur batteries
Contents
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Mathematical description of porous electrode performance
6.3. Evolution of cathode porous electrode structure
6.4. Concentrated electrolyte transport effects
6.5. Dynamics of the polysulfide shuttle effect
6.6. Sources of variability: Mechanisms and properties
6.7. Summary and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Performance improvement
Chapter 7: Recent progress in fundamental understanding of selenium-doped sulfur cathodes during charging and dischargin
Contents
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Overview of SexSy cathode composition and electrochemistry
7.3. Progress on Li-SexSy batteries with liquid electrolytes
7.3.1. Carbonate-based electrolytes
7.3.2. Ether-based electrolytes
7.3.3. Highly concentrated electrolytes
7.3.4. Fluorinated electrolytes
7.4. All-solid-state Li-SexSy batteries
7.5. Concluding remarks and future design strategies for SexSy-based battery systems
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Suppression of lithium dendrite growth in lithium-sulfur batteries
Contents
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Dendritic growth mechanism
8.2.1. Thermodynamics
8.2.2. Kinetics
8.2.3. Crystallography
8.3. Effect of Li dendrite growth on Li-S batteries
8.4. Suppression method
8.4.1. Separator
8.4.2. Anode
8.4.2.1. 3D anode
8.4.2.2. Surface treatment
8.4.2.3. Li powder anode
8.4.3. Electrolyte
8.4.3.1. Ionic liquid electrolyte
8.4.3.2. Electrolyte additives
8.4.3.3. Novel electrolytes
8.4.3.4. Solid polymer electrolyte
8.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: The role of advanced host materials and binders for improving lithium-sulfur battery performance
Contents
9.1. Introduction to energy sources and rechargeable batteries
9.2. Complex energy storage challenges and solutions
9.3. Host materials
9.3.1. Three-dimensional graphene hollow spheres
9.3.2. Reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite/nitrogen-doped carbon framework
9.3.3. Three-dimensional porous carbon composites
9.3.4. Micro-mesoporous graphitic carbon spheres
9.3.5. Carbon nanotube cathodes
9.3.6. Hierarchical network macrostructure
9.3.7. In situ wrapping process
9.4. Binders
9.4.1. Multifunctional polar binder
9.4.2. Polyamidoamine dendrimer-based binders
9.4.3. PAA/PEDOT: PSS as a functional binder
9.5. Conclusions and future directions
References
Part IV: Future directions: Solid-state materials and novel battery architectures
Chapter 10: Future prospects for lithium-sulfur batteries: The criticality of solid electrolytes
Contents
10.1. The advantages of lithium-sulfur batteries
10.2. The challenges of conventional sulfur electrodes when used with liquid electrolytes
10.2.1. Solid electrolytes in lithium-sulfur batteries
10.3. Lithium metal electrodes in lithium-sulfur batteries
10.4. Path forward
Dedication
References
Chapter 11: New approaches to high-energy-density cathode and anode architectures for lithium-sulfur batteries
Contents
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Novel confinement architectures for sulfur cathodes
11.2.1. Synthesis of Li-ion conductors on novel carbon framework-polymer-coated materials
11.2.2. Chemical and electrochemical characterizations of novel framework materials
11.2.3. Follow-on processing of complex framework materials
11.2.3.1. Polyacrylonitrile polymer processing
11.2.3.2. Polyacrylonitrile coating on super P and YP-80F
11.2.3.3. Preparation of LiOPAN-coated super P/YP-80F-sulfur composites
11.3. Assembly and testing of pouch cells
11.3.1. Overview of pouch cell fabrication process
11.3.2. Super P-containing pouch cell cycling capacity studies
11.3.3. YP-80F-containing pouch cell cycling capacity studies
11.4. Coin cells: Preparation of hybrid solid electrolyte-coated battery separators
11.4.1. Li plating and deplating studies
11.5. Directly deposited sulfur architectures
11.5.1. Advanced materials and processing approaches
11.5.2. Pouch cell fabrication
11.5.3. Applications for practical battery systems
11.5.4. Functional electrocatalysts for conversion of polysulfides
11.5.5. Directly doped sulfur architectures with higher loadings of sulfur
11.5.5.1. Synthesis
11.5.5.2. Characterization
11.5.5.3. Electrochemical performance
11.5.5.4. Discussion of characterization and electrochemical performance
11.5.5.5. Discussion of X-ray photoelectron and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
11.5.5.6. Sulfur-infiltrated sulfur-copper-bipyridine-derived complex framework materials
11.6. Computational studies to identify functional electrocatalysts
11.6.1. Theoretical methodology
11.6.2. Computational results
11.7. Functional electrocatalysts and related materials for polysulfide decomposition
11.7.1. Functional electrocatalyst material preparation and characterization
11.7.1.1. Titanium oxide-based functional electrocatalyst material preparation
11.7.1.2. Characterization of titanium oxide-based functional electrocatalysts
11.7.1.3. Bifunctional electrocatalyst cathode material (BCCM) synthesis
11.7.1.4. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of bifunctional catalysts
11.7.1.5. Synthesis of lithium-ion conductor coated on bifunctional electrocatalyst cathode materials
11.7.1.6. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of Li-ion-coated bifunctional electrocatalysts
11.7.2. Novel complex framework material processing and characterization
11.7.2.1. 3D printing complex framework material-sulfure architecture
11.7.2.2. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of 3D-printed materials
11.7.2.3. Synthesis of electrical conductor coated on complex framework materials
11.7.2.4. Chemical and electrochemical characterization of EC-CFMs
11.7.3. Synthetic polymer binder with carbon framework materials
11.7.4. Hybrid active material (HBA) synthesis and characterization
11.7.5. Inorganic framework materials
11.7.5.1. Synthesis of boron nitride-S materials
11.7.5.2. Characterization of boron nitride-S materials
11.7.5.3. Synthesis of zeolite (ZSM-5)-S materials
11.7.5.4. Characterization of zeolite-S materials
11.8. Engineering dendrite-free anodes for Li-S batteries
11.8.1. Theoretical strategies to overcome the diffusion barrier in structurally isomorphous alloys
11.8.2. Electrochemical cycling of Li-SIA alloys
11.8.3. Multicomponent alloys as dendrite-free anodes
11.9. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: A solid-state approach to a lithium-sulfur battery
Contents
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Solid electrolytes
12.2.1. Solid polymer electrolytes
12.2.1.1. PEO-based solid polymer electrolytes
12.2.1.2. Single-ion-conducting SPEs
12.2.2. Ceramic electrolytes
12.2.2.1. Oxide-based ceramics electrolytes
12.2.2.2. Sulfide-based ceramics electrolytes
12.3. Polymer/ceramic hybrid composite electrolytes
12.4. Stable Li metal anodes for all-solid-state Li-S batteries
12.4.1. Li anode/sulfide-based solid-state electrolyte
12.4.2. Li anode/oxide-based solid-state electrolytes
12.4.3. Li anode/solid polymer electrolytes
12.5. Sulfur-based cathode composites for all-solid-state Li-S batteries
12.5.1. Cathode/oxide-based electrolyte interface
12.5.2. Cathode/sulfide-based electrolyte interface
12.5.3. Cathode/solid polymer electrolytes interface
12.6. All-solid-state thin-film batteries
12.7. Conclusions
References
Part V: Applications: System-level issues and challenging environments
Chapter 13: State estimation methodologies for lithium-sulfur battery management systems
Contents
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Lithium-sulfur battery models
13.2.1. Li-S battery electrochemical models
13.2.2. Li-S battery equivalent circuit network models
13.3. Li-S BMS: State estimation methods
13.3.1. Weakness of direct methods for Li-S SoC estimation
13.3.1.1. Coulomb counting method
13.3.1.2. Open-circuit voltage method
13.3.2. Indirect methods based on control theory and computer science for Li-S SoC estimation
13.3.2.1. Li-S state estimation methods based on control theory
Extended Kalman filter for SoC estimation
Unscented Kalman filter for SoC estimation
Particle filter for SoC estimation
13.3.2.2. Nonmodel Li-S state computer science-based estimation techniques
13.4. Performance of state estimation methods
13.4.1. Li-S battery testing
13.4.2. Estimation results analysis for recursive Bayesian filters
13.4.3. Estimation results analysis for computer science techniques
13.4.3.1. Estimation results for ANFIS with discharge current pulses
13.4.3.2. Estimation results for ANFIS with UDDS (urban dynamometer driving schedule) cycle current profile
13.4.3.3. Estimation results for SVM classifier with the Millbrook London transport bus (MLTB) test
13.5. Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Batteries for aeronautics and space exploration: Recent developments and future prospects
Contents
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Energy storage for (solar-) electric aircraft and high-altitude airships
14.2.1. Batteries for solar-electric aircraft
14.2.2. All-electric battery-powered aircraft
14.2.3. Batteries for high-altitude airships
14.2.4. High-altitude platforms: Power considerations and alternative technologies
14.2.4.1. Energy storage technology options
14.2.4.2. Comparison to hydrocarbon-powered platforms
14.2.4.3. Performance analysis of high-altitude platforms
14.3. Overview of energy storage for space exploration
14.4. Recent NASA missions to Mercury, Mars, and small bodies
14.4.1. Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission
14.4.2. Battery technologies for Mars surface rovers
14.4.3. Notable NASA exploration missions to comets and asteroids
14.5. Radiation issues and exploration missions to the Jupiter region
14.5.1. Radiation in space and impact on rechargeable batteries
14.5.2. Upcoming missions to Jupiter and several of its icy moons
14.6. Next generation(s) of battery technologies for space exploration
14.6.1. Future space exploration: Battery technology options and considerations
14.6.2. Upcoming missions to three major classes of asteroids
14.6.3. Aerial exploration of other planetary bodies: Mars, Titan, and Venus
14.6.4. Off-world utilization of local resources for inhabited settlements
14.7. Conclusions
References
Index
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