An unprecedented look into the basic physics, chemistry, and technology behind the LCDMost notably used for computer screens, televisions, and mobile phones, LCDs (liquid crystal displays) are a pervasive and increasingly indispensable part of our lives. Providing both an historical and a business-minded context, this extensive resource describes the unique scientific and engineering techniques used to create these beautiful, clever, and eminently useful devices.In this book, the history of the science and technology behind the LCD is described in a prelude to the development of the device, presenting a rational development theme and pinpointing innovations. The book begins with Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, and the ultimately profound realization that light is an electromagnetic wave and an electromagnetic wave is light.The power of mathematical physics thus was brought to bear upon the study of light, and particularly the polarization of light by material bodies, including liquid crystals. After a brief historical description of polarization, a physical interpretation provides substance to the mathematical concepts. Subsequent chapters cover:Thermodynamics for liquid crystalsThe Maier-Saupe mean field, phenomenological, static continuum, and dynamic continuum theoriesThe transistor and integrated circuitGlass, panels, and modulesThe calculus of variationsThe active matrixSemiconductor fabricationThe global LCD businessAdditionally, the book illustrates how mathematics, physics, and chemistry are put to practical use in the LCDs we use every day. By describing the science from an historical perspective and in practical terms in the context of a device very familiar to readers, the book presents an engaging and unique view of the technology for everyone from science students to engineers, product designers, and indeed anyone curious about LCDs.Series Editor: Anthony C. Lowe, The Lambent Consultancy, Braishfield, UKThe Society for Information Display (SID) is an international society, which has the aim of encouraging the development of all aspects of the field of information display. Complementary to the aims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explain the latest developments in information display technology at a professional level. The broad scope of the series addresses all facets of information displays from technical aspects through systems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics.
Author(s): Robert H. Chen
Series: Wiley Series in Display Technology
Edition: 1
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2011
Language: English
Pages: 519
Tags: Физика;Физика твердого тела;
Liquid Crystal Displays: Fundamental Physics and Technology......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Series Editor’s Foreword......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
About the Author......Page 21
1: Double Refraction......Page 23
Reference......Page 26
2: Electromagnetism......Page 27
Faraday’s Intuitive Field......Page 29
Maxwell’s Equations......Page 31
The Derivation of ∇。E = ρ/ε......Page 34
The Derivation of ∇。B = 0......Page 36
The Derivation of ∇ × E = -∂B/∂t......Page 37
The Derivation of ∇ × B = εμ ∂E/∂t + μJ......Page 41
Vector Analysis......Page 44
Light Is an Electromagnetic Wave......Page 47
The Light Wave......Page 52
References......Page 56
3: Light in Matter......Page 57
The Electric Dipole Moment......Page 60
The Lorentz–Lorenz Equation......Page 63
References......Page 69
Unpolarized Light......Page 71
Elliptical, Linear, and Circular Polarization......Page 72
Elliptic Polarization......Page 77
Linear Polarization......Page 78
Circular Polarization......Page 79
Birefringence......Page 83
Ordinary and Extraordinary Waves......Page 86
Quantum Mechanical Polarization......Page 88
References......Page 95
5: Liquid Crystals......Page 97
Carrots......Page 98
Liquid Crystal Genealogy......Page 100
The Chiral Nematic......Page 104
The Ferroelectric Chiral Smectic-C......Page 108
The Blue Flash......Page 110
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals......Page 112
The Director and the Order Parameter......Page 113
Stiff But Flexible......Page 119
Liquid Crystal Character......Page 121
Viscosity......Page 122
Elasticity......Page 123
The Induced Dipole Moment......Page 125
References......Page 130
6: Thermodynamics for Liquid Crystals......Page 133
The Three Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 135
Phase Transitions......Page 136
Entropy......Page 137
The Boltzmann Distribution......Page 141
The Minimization of Free Energy......Page 144
References......Page 145
7: The Calculus of Variations......Page 147
The Brachistochrone Problem......Page 148
Catenary and Suspension......Page 153
The Euler–Lagrange Equation......Page 154
Deeper Meanings of the Euler–Lagrange Equation......Page 158
References......Page 160
Ideal Gas in Crystal Lattice......Page 161
Long Rod Models......Page 162
The Composite Electric Field and Average Index of Refraction......Page 163
The Dipole Mean Field Is Born......Page 166
References......Page 167
9: Maier–Saupe Theory......Page 169
The Nematic to Isotropic Phase Transition Calculation......Page 170
Dielectric Anisotropy Calculation......Page 174
Near Neighbor Correlation......Page 178
References......Page 181
10: Phenomenological Theory......Page 183
The Nematic to Isotropic Phase Transition Calculation......Page 184
Birefringence Calculation......Page 187
References......Page 191
Basic Principles......Page 193
The Twisted Only......Page 198
The Twist and Tilt......Page 201
The Tilt Only......Page 202
The Freedericksz Cell......Page 203
The Splay Tilt......Page 204
In-Plane Switching......Page 207
The Bend Perpendicular......Page 209
The Twisted Nematic......Page 210
References......Page 214
12: Dynamic Continuum Theory......Page 215
Conservation Principles......Page 218
The Leslie Work Hypothesis......Page 220
Turn-On Example......Page 224
Hydrodynamic Instability......Page 229
Conclusion......Page 230
References......Page 231
13: The First Liquid Crystal Display......Page 233
Dynamic Scattering......Page 235
The Liquid Crystal Display Calculator......Page 236
References......Page 241
14: Liquid Crystal Display Chemistry......Page 243
The Aromatic Compounds......Page 244
The Search for a Robust Display Liquid Crystal......Page 246
References......Page 252
15: The Twisted Nematic......Page 253
A Twist of Fate......Page 256
The Gathering Patent Storm......Page 257
Watches and Calculators......Page 259
References......Page 260
16: Engineering the Liquid Crystal......Page 261
Jones Vector......Page 262
The Phase Retardation Parameter......Page 263
The Mauguin Condition......Page 265
The Gooch–Tarry Condition......Page 266
Twisted Nematic Waveguiding......Page 267
The Twisted Nematic Cell......Page 268
References......Page 270
17: The Active Matrix......Page 271
Matrix Addressing......Page 272
The Super Twisted Nematic......Page 276
Active Matrix Addressing......Page 278
References......Page 282
18: New Screens......Page 283
Twisted Nematic Television......Page 284
Notebook Computer Screens......Page 285
References......Page 292
The Bohr Atom......Page 293
The Point Contact Transistor......Page 300
The Junction Transistor......Page 303
The Tyranny of Numbers......Page 307
Monolithic Component Integration......Page 309
Monolithic Circuit Integration......Page 311
References......Page 316
20: A Transistor for the Active Matrix......Page 317
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon......Page 320
The Field Effect Transistor......Page 321
The a-Si:H Field Effect Thin-Film Transistor......Page 325
References......Page 327
21: Semiconductor Fabrication......Page 329
The Planar Process......Page 330
Photolithography......Page 331
Etch......Page 334
Deposition......Page 336
The Four-Mask Bottom Gate......Page 337
References......Page 342
22: Enhancing the Image......Page 343
The Grayscale......Page 345
The On/Off Ratio......Page 348
The Production of Color......Page 350
The CCFL Backlight and Color Filter......Page 355
Field Sequential Color......Page 358
The LED Backlight......Page 360
Signal Processing......Page 365
References......Page 369
23: The Wider View......Page 371
c-axis a-plate c-plate......Page 374
Mid-Layer Tilt......Page 376
Twisted Nematic Display Oblique Viewing......Page 377
Negative and Positive Compensation......Page 378
The Discotic Solution......Page 379
Grayscale Inversion......Page 382
Compensation Overview......Page 386
References......Page 389
Vertical Alignment......Page 391
Multiple-Domain Vertical Alignment......Page 394
In-Plane Switching......Page 398
Fringing Field Switching......Page 402
Response Time......Page 405
VA Response Time Is Good......Page 406
IPS Response Time in Slow......Page 408
TN Is In-Between......Page 409
Overdrive......Page 410
Flicker......Page 411
References......Page 417
Glass Generations......Page 419
The TFT Array Plate......Page 422
The Color Filter Plate......Page 423
Side Injection......Page 425
One Drop Fill......Page 426
Spacers......Page 427
Sealing, Cutting, and Inspection......Page 428
Electrostatic Damage Protection......Page 429
Yield......Page 432
LCD Module Assembly......Page 435
References......Page 436
26: The Global LCD Business......Page 437
RCA’s Legacy......Page 438
Optical Imaging Systems......Page 439
The Electronics Manufacturing Paradigm......Page 443
Korea, the Emerging Economy Model......Page 446
The Crystal Cycle and Korea......Page 447
Crisis and Fortune in the LCD Industry......Page 448
Samsung Is the Lucky Goldstar......Page 449
Taiwan’s Twin Stars......Page 454
Chimei Jumps into the Liquid Crystal Sea......Page 456
Two Tigers, Three Cats, and a Monkey......Page 458
Japan’s Closed Shop......Page 460
The Worldwide Financial Tsunami......Page 463
Is China a Rising Liquid Crystal Star?......Page 465
The Solar Cell......Page 468
References......Page 470
27: New Technologies and Products......Page 471
Light Scattering......Page 472
Liquid Crystal Polymer Composites......Page 474
Cholesteric Bistable Reflective Displays......Page 476
Ferroelectric Chiral Smectic-C Bistable Displays......Page 477
Electrophoretic Paper......Page 478
The Organic Light-Emitting Diode Display......Page 479
Reflective Displays......Page 480
Transflective Displays......Page 481
Projection Displays......Page 484
Brightness Enhancement Film......Page 489
Resistive......Page 490
Capacitive......Page 491
Optical Imaging......Page 492
3D......Page 493
LCD Products......Page 495
References......Page 497
Index......Page 499
