Lignocellulose Bioconversion Through White Biotechnology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 White Biotechnology: Impeccable Role in Sustainable Bioeconomy
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomass Feedstock: Types and Composition
1.3 Biomass Pretreatment: An Overview and State-of-the-Art
1.4 Lignocellulosic Sugar Production
1.5 Production of Ethanol and Biodiesel
1.6 Drop-in Renewable Biofuels: Green Hydrocarbons
1.7 Global Scenario of the Biofuel Industry
1.8 Economic Outcomes
1.9 Sustainability and Biorefinery
1.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2 Lignocellulose Feedstock Availability, Types of Feedstocks, and New Designer Crops
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass
2.2.1 Plant Cell Wall
2.3 Biomass Conversion Pathways
2.3.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment
2.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.3.3 Conversion of Lignocellulosic Components
2.4 Different Types of Biomass Available in Mexico
2.4.1 Coconut Shells
2.4.2 Sugarcane Bagasse
2.4.3 Tequilana Agave
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Lignocellulose Bioconversion: Technical Aspects and New Developments
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lignocellulosic (LC) Biomass Composition
3.2.1 Cellulose
3.2.2 Hemicellulose
3.2.3 Lignin
3.3 Biorefinery Concept in the Era of Sustainable Circular Economy
3.4 Biorefinery Treatments
3.4.1 Pretreatments
3.5 New Innovative Technologies and Developments
3.5.1 Development of Green/Environmentally Friendly Methods
3.5.2 Biological New Developments
3.5.3 Combined Pretreatment Methods
3.6 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 4 An Evaluation of Steam Explosion Pretreatment to Enhance the Digestibility of Lignocellulosic Biomass
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mode of Action and Types of Steam Explosion Pretreatment
4.3 Factors Affecting the Steam Explosion Pretreatment
4.3.1 Effect on Particle Size of Biomass
4.3.2 Effect of Moisture Content
4.3.3 Effect of Combined Severity Factor
4.3.4 Effect of Addition of Catalyst
4.4 Various Post-pretreatment Approaches to Improve Saccharification of Steam Exploded Biomass
4.5 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 The Role of Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in Biorefinery Development
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass—the Plant Cell Wall
5.3 The Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes
5.4 Cellulases in a Biorefinery Development
5.4.1 Commercial Cellulase Cocktails for Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation
5.4.2 Commercial Cellulase Preparation for Various Industrial Uses
5.5 Microbial Fermentations for Cellulase Production
5.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6 Microbial Production of Biobased Chemicals: Improvements and Challenges
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Challenges in Developing Microorganisms for Lignocellulosic Sugar Utilization
6.3 Relevant Biobased Chemicals from Biomass
6.4 Microbial Products from Sugar Fermentation
6.4.1 Organic Acids
6.4.2 Diols
6.4.3 Polyols
6.4.4 Alcohols
6.4.5 Aldehydes
6.4.6 Polyesters
6.4.7 Xylenes
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Molecular Biology Based Innovations in Lignocellulose Biorefinery
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Potential
7.3 Biomass Pretreatment
7.3.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
7.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
7.3.3 Biological Pretreatment
7.3.4 Other Methods
7.4 Different Approaches to Enhance Xylose Utilization
7.4.1 Random Mutagenesis
7.4.2 Site-specific Engineering
7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 8 Recent Developments in Synthetic Biology and their Role in Uplifting Lignocellulose Bioeconomy
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Synthetic Biology Routes for the Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biorefinery
8.1.2 The Key Players of Delignification
8.1.3 Case Studies
8.2 Synthetic Biology Routes for Cellulose Degradation in Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.2.1 Cellulose—a Major Plant Component
8.2.2 Synthetic Biology for Hydrolysis of Cellulose
8.2.3 Degradation using Nanoparticles
8.3 Synthetic Biology Routes for the Production of Low-value and High-value Alcohols
8.3.1 Low-value Alcohols
8.3.2 High-value Alcohols
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Lignocellulose Bioconversion through Chemical Methods, Platform Chemicals, and New Chemicals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.2.1 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.2.2 Biomass Types and Recalcitrance Properties
9.3 Pretreatment and Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Materials
9.3.1 Chemical Pretreatments
9.3.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment
9.3.3 Fractionating Treatments of Lignocellulosic Compounds
9.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.4.1 Cellulases
9.4.2 Ligninolytic Enzymes
9.4.3 Pectic Enzymes
9.4.4 Mannases
9.4.5 Xylanases
9.4.6 Enzyme Synergism
9.5 Biorefinery—Biobased Chemicals Platform
9.5.1 Contextualization—Bioeconomic and Biorefinery
9.5.2 Bioethanol
9.5.3 Other Value-added Bioproducts Obtained from Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.5.3.4 Sweeteners
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10 Lignin Conversion through Biological and Chemical Routes
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Lignin Availability
10.1.2 Lignin Structure
10.1.3 Chemical Transformation Routes
10.1.4 Lignin Conversion by Biological Routes
10.1.5 Potential Chemicals from Lignin
10.2 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 Downstream Processing in Lignocellulose Conversion: Current Challenges and Future Practices
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges and Perspectives Encompassing Circular Economy
11.3 Improving Lignocellulose Conversion for Future Bioeconomy
11.4 Industry 4.0: Advanced Technologies for the Biorefinery Platform
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Scale-up Process Challenges in Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion and Possible Solutions to Overcome the Hurdles
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Lignocellulosic Conversion Processes and Engineering: Challenges and Possible Solutions
12.2.1 Steam Pretreatment: Issues and Potential Problems
12.3 Ethanol from Eucalyptus Wastes
12.4 Ethanol and Xylitol Production from Sprinkled Sugarcane Straw
12.5 Conclusions and Remarks
References
Chapter 13 Techno-economic Analysis of Bioconversion of Woody Biomass to Ethanol
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Techno-economic Analysis
13.3 Bioconversion of Woody Biomass to Ethanol
13.4 Techno-economic Analysis of Woody Biomass to Ethanol
13.5 Integrated TEA and life cycle assessment (LCA)
13.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Environmental Indicators, Life Cycle Analysis and Ecological Perspective on Biomass Conversion
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 The Role of Biomass in a Sustainable Economy
14.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
14.3 New Brazilian National Biofuel Policy (RenovaBio): A Case Study for Sugarcane Distilleries
14.4 Process Systems Engineering Tools for Biomass LCA
14.5 Retro Techno-economic Environmental Analysis
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 Green Consumerism and Role in Uplifting Lignocellulose Bioeconomy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass and its Contribution in Bioeconomy
15.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.3 Lignocellulosic Bioeconomy and its Sustainability in the World
15.3.1 Lignocellulose Bioeconomy in Malaysia
15.3.2 Lignocellulose Bioeconomy in Japan
15.3.3 Lignocellulose Bioeconomy in European Countries
15.4 Green Consumerism and its Upsurge in the Lignocellulosic Bioeconomy
15.4.1 Wide Scope in Green Consumerism
15.4.2 Government Subsidies
15.4.3 Eco-friendly Competitive Advantage
15.4.4 Corporate Social Responsibility
15.5 Challenges in Green Consumerism
15.6 Future Prospects
15.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Going Green: Achieving the Circular Economy with Sustainable Biorefineries, Process Scale-Up, and Fermentation Optimization
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sustainable Biorefineries and Supply Chain Aspects
16.3 Pretreatment of Biomass Using Pilot-Scale Steam Explosion Rigs
16.3.1 Steam Explosion (SE) of Miscanthus and Methane Production from Miscanthus as an Example
16.3.2 Heat Requirement of Biorefineries
16.4 Taguchi Methodology for Process Optimization
16.5 Process Automation
16.5.1 Automation
16.5.2 Process Optimization and Artificial Intelligence
16.5.3 Biogas Pilot Plant
16.5.4 Sensors
16.5.5 Process Control Configuration with LabVIEW and NI Data Acquisition (DAQ) Devices
16.5.6 Rule-based Control Structure
16.5.7 Pilot Plant Data
16.5.8 LabVIEW Application for Laboratory-scale, Pilot-scale and Industrial Fermentations
16.5.9 Advantages of LabVIEW in Automation and Monitoring Commercial Plants
16.6 Microbial Adaptation, Evolution, and Diversity for Process Optimization
16.6.1 Microbiology of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Production in AD
16.7 Final Remarks and Conclusions
16.7.1 Main Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index
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