This book gives a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the physics of lightning and protection systems, based on nearly 40 years of research, teaching, and consultancy work in this area.
The book begins with an overview of the climatology of lightning and electric storms, as well as giving insight into lightning discharge from the preliminary discharges or processes such as corona, stepped leader, and subsequent return strokes, including the important submicrosecond threats and continuous current. The subsequent chapters present measures of lightning threat analysis to aircraft and electric power systems, protection measures to be used in high-voltage to low-voltage computer and communication systems, as well as to commercial and domestic buildings. The book discusses challenges posed by the submicrosecond lighting current changes and climate change to present and future high-voltage apparatus and structures (including carbon composite aircraft and new buildings) exposed to lightning strikes.
Including worked examples, illustrations, and detailed analysis, Lightening Engineering will be of interest to electrical engineers, as well as researchers and graduate students.
Author(s): Paul Hoole, Samuel Hoole
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 313
City: Cham
Preface
An Outline of the Contents of the Book
The Unique Contribution of this Book
Contents
1 Introduction to Lightning and Lightning Protection
1.1 The Lightning Flash: General Characteristics and Damage Caused
1.2 The Leader Stroke
1.3 The Return Stroke
1.3.1 General Description
1.3.2 The Empirical Model
1.3.3 Lightning Return Stroke Models
1.4 Lightning Radiated Electromagnetic Pulses (LEMP)
1.4.1 Computation of Radiated Electromagnetic Pulses
1.4.2 Calculating Rate of Rise of Currents from Measured Electric Fields
1.5 Electromagnetic Waves
1.6 Lightning Protection: An Introduction
1.6.1 Lightning Effects
1.6.2 Effects of Lightning on Aircraft
1.6.3 Lightning Effects on Electric Power Systems Network
1.6.4 Substation Protection Systems
1.6.5 Rolling Sphere Method Applied in Substation Protections
1.6.6 Lightning Protection Methods for Buildings and Infrastructures
1.7 Lightning, Climate, Upper ionosphere, and Other Planets
1.7.1 Effect of Temperature on Lightning
1.7.2 Effect of Lightning on Troposphere
1.8 Summary
Bibliography
2 Thunderstorms and Pre-lightning Electrostatics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formation of Thunderclouds
2.3 The Climatology of Lightning
2.3.1 Cloud Electrification
2.3.2 Cloud Electric Charge Formation
2.4 Negative Lightning Discharge Process
2.4.1 The Negative Lightning
2.4.2 The Electric Discharge Process
2.5 Lightning-Aircraft Electrostatic Interactions
2.5.1 Two Types of Attachment Initiation
2.5.2 Aircraft-Triggered Lightning
2.5.3 Aircraft Intercepted Lightning
2.6 Probability of Lightning Strike to Aircraft
2.6.1 Factors Affecting Probability
2.6.2 Probability Dependence on Aircraft Size
2.6.3 Probability Dependence on Flight Profile
2.6.4 Probability Dependence on Geographic Area of Operations
2.7 Thundercloud Induced Electrostatic Charges
2.8 Pre-lightning Flash Electrostatics of Thunderstorms: Analysis
2.8.1 The Electrostatic Fields
2.8.2 Aircraft and Electric Dipole Placements
2.8.3 Determining the Electric Charges Induced on an Aircraft and the Electric Fields Generated Around an Aircraft Body
2.8.4 Analysis of the Airbus A380 Aircraft Results
2.8.5 Zoning
2.8.6 A F16 Military Aircraft Flying Between Two Charged Centers
2.9 Electrostatic Fields of Pre-lightning Thundercloud Environment
2.10 Electrostatic Computation and Evaluation: A Computer-Based Tool
2.11 Personal Lightning Safety
Bibliography
3 Lightning Protection of Domestic, Commercial, and Transport Systems
3.1 General
3.2 Lightning Protection of Houses
3.2.1 An Overview
3.2.2 Choosing Service Entrance Surge Protectors (SPDs)
3.2.3 Surge Current Rating
3.2.4 Ground Potential Rise
3.2.5 Signal Protectors
3.2.6 Inter-System Bonding
3.2.7 Special Purpose Protectors
3.3 Boats
3.4 Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
3.5 Frequency Converter Protection
3.6 Networks and Interactive Services
3.7 Wind Turbines
3.8 Historic Buildings
Bibliography
4 Practice of Lightning Protection: Risk Assessment, External Protection, Internal Protection, Surge Protection, Air Termination, Down Conductor, Earthing, and Shielding
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Principles of Lightning Protection
4.3 Risk Management
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Risk Assessment: Basics
4.3.3 Advanced Risk Assessment
4.4 Inspection of Lightning Protection System
4.5 Internal Lightning Protection
4.5.1 Surge Protection Measures
4.5.2 Lightning Protection Zones
4.5.3 SPM Management
4.6 Equipotential Bonding for Metal Installations
4.6.1 Prologue
4.6.2 Equipotential Bonding for Metal Installations at the Boundary of LPZ0A and LPZ1
4.6.3 Equipotential Bonding for Metal Installations at Boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2
4.6.4 Protective Equipotential Bonding
4.6.5 Earth-Termination System for Equipotential Bonding
4.6.6 Protective Bonding Conductors
4.6.7 Equipotential Bonding Bars
4.6.8 Integrating Pipes in Equipotential Bonding System
4.6.9 Testing and Monitoring Equipotential Bonding System
4.6.10 Supplementary Protective Equipotential Bonding
4.6.11 Minimum Cross Section for Equipotential Bonding Conductors
4.6.12 Equipotential Bonding for Power Supply Systems
4.6.13 Equipotential Bonding for Power Supply Systems at the Boundary of LPZ0A and LPZ1
4.6.14 Equipotential Bonding for Power Supply Systems at the Boundary of LPZ0A and LPZ2
4.6.15 Equipotential Bonding for Power Supply Systems at the Boundary of LPZ1–LPZ2
4.7 Equipotential Bonding for Information Technology (IT) Systems
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 Equipotential Bonding for IT Systems at the Boundary of LPZ0A and LPZ1
4.7.3 Equipotential Bonding for IT Systems at the Boundary of LPZ0A and LPZ2
4.7.4 Equipotential Bonding for IT Systems at the Boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2 and Higher
4.8 Protection of Antenna Systems
4.9 Protection of Optical Fiber Installations
4.10 Telecommunication Lines
4.11 Choosing Internal Lightning Protection System: Type of Surge Protection Devices (SPDs)
4.12 External Lightning Protection
4.13 Air-Termination Systems
4.13.1 Isolated and Non-isolated Air-Termination Systems
4.13.2 Air-Termination System for Buildings with Different Types of Roof
4.13.3 Air-Termination System for Building with Gable Roofs
4.13.4 Air-Termination System for Buildings with Flat Roofs
4.13.5 Air-Termination System for Buildings with Metal Roofs
4.13.6 Air-Termination System for Buildings with Thatched Roofs
4.13.7 Air-Termination System for Buildings with Inaccessible Roofs
4.13.8 Air-Termination System for Buildings with Green Roofs
4.13.9 Air-Termination System for Steeples and Churches
4.13.10 Air-Termination Rods Subjected to Wind Loads
4.13.11 Safety System and Lightning Protection
4.14 Down Conductors
4.14.1 Determination of the Number of Down Conductors
4.14.2 Down Conductors for a Non-isolated Lightning Protection System
4.15 Earth-Termination System
4.16 Manufacturer’s Test of Lightning Protection Components
4.17 Shielding of electrical and electronic systems against LEMP
4.17.1 Magnetic Field Calculations for Shielding
4.17.2 Calculation of the Magnetic Field Strength in Case of A Direct Lightning Strike
4.17.3 To Determine the Magnetic Field in Case of Nearby Lightning Strike
4.17.4 Implementation of the Magnetic Shield Attenuation of Building/Room Shield
4.17.5 Cable Shielding
References
5 Lightning Physics, Modeling, and Radiated Electromagnetic Fields
5.1 Introduction: The Need for Computer-Based Testbeds for Lightning Testing
5.2 Lightning Return Stroke
5.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Nature of the Lightning Return Stroke
5.2.2 Lightning Return Stroke Models
5.3 Analysis of Experimental Data of Lightning Return Stroke
5.3.1 Background
5.3.2 Lightning Current and Electromagnetic Field Measurements
5.3.3 The Empirical Models: Lumped Circuit Model and the Curve Fitting Model
5.4 The Distributed Circuit, Transmission Line Model (DLCRM)
5.4.1 Background to the DLCRM
5.4.2 The Transmission Line Dispersion Relation
5.4.3 Numerical Solution of the Transmission Line Wave Equation
5.4.4 Return Stroke Velocity and the Transmission Line Model
5.5 Negative Cloud to Ground Earth Flash Return Stroke: Simulated by the DLCRM
5.5.1 Background
5.5.2 LRS Currents from DLCRM Simulation
5.5.3 Calculation of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Radiated from the Lightning Currents
5.5.4 Computed Electromagnetic Field Pulses LEMPs
5.5.5 LRS Electric and Magnetic Fields Calculated from Currents Obtained from DLCRM Simulation
5.5.6 Summary
5.6 A Case Study: Lightning Interaction with Aircraft
5.6.1 Aircraft and Lightning Protection
5.6.2 Computation of Lightning Currents and Voltage on An Aircraft
References
6 Localization and Identification of Acoustic and Radio Wave Signals Using Signal Wavefronts with Artificial Intelligence: Applications in Lightning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology: Test Signals and Wavefronts
6.2.1 Methodology for Acoustic Signals
6.2.2 Methodology for Radio Wave Signals
6.3 Test Results
6.3.1 Test Results of Acoustic Signal Model
6.3.2 Test Results of Radio Wave Model
6.4 An Array Antenna for Direction and Identity of Lightning Radiated Signals
6.5 Application of the Perceptron ANN for UHF Lightning Flash Detection
6.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
7 Lightning Electrodynamics: Electric Power Systems and Aircraft
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Lightning and Electric Power Systems
7.1.2 Lightning and Aircraft
7.2 Circuit Elements Used in Back Flashover and Shielding Failure Performances
7.2.1 Preamble
7.2.2 Tower Surge Impedance
7.2.3 Shield Wire Surge Impedance
7.2.4 Tower Ground Resistance
7.2.5 Conductor Circuit Elements
7.3 Lightning Fash Parameters
7.3.1 Ground Flash Density
7.3.2 Number of Lightning Strokes to the Line
7.4 Simulations of Lightning Flash to a Transmission Line
7.4.1 Back Flashover Analysis for 500 kV Transmission Line
7.4.2 Sub-microsecond Analysis of Conductor Back Flashover Current at Substation Tower
7.4.3 Sub-microsecond Analysis of Shielding Failure
7.4.4 Back Flashover, Shielding Failure Current Parameters, and Mitigation of Flashovers
7.4.5 Summary
7.5 Lightning Flashover on Transmission and Distribution Lines
7.5.1 Back Flashover
7.5.2 Shielding Failure
7.5.3 Probability and Intensities of a Flashover
7.5.4 Factors Influencing Lightning Strike to Transmission Lines
7.6 Protection Measures to Reduce Impacts of Lightning on Transmission Lines
7.7 Lightning-Aircraft Electric Circuit Models
7.7.1 The Basic Equations
7.7.2 The DLCRM Parameters of the Lightning channel
7.7.3 The DLCRM Parameters of the Aircraft
7.7.4 The F16 Military Aircraft and Lightning Strike
7.7.5 The Airbus A380 Commercial Aircraft and Lightning Strike
7.8 Swept Stroke Mechanism
7.9 Metallic Versus Carbon Fiber Composite Aircraft
7.10 Significance of Lightning Testing Standards and Certifications
7.10.1 Procedural Requirements
7.10.2 Direct Lightning Effects Protection
7.10.3 Indirect Lightning Effects Protection
7.10.4 Scaling Test Method
7.10.5 Measurements on Aircraft Struck by Lightning in Flight
7.10.6 Airport Lightning Protection
7.10.7 Lightning Engineering: The Present and the Future
Bibliography
Appendix STAT2ARC2EMP: A Computer-Based High-Voltage Testbed for Electrostatic and Transient Current Threats to Ground and Airborne Structures and Equipment: For Arcs and Lightning Flashes
Introduction
Electric Field Induced on the Aircraft and Its Components
Identifying Regions of Large Electric Fields and Induced Electric Charges
Arcs and Lightning Flashes: Transient Phase
Index
