Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada, 5th Edition

Front Cover
CONTENTS
LEWIS’S Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada
LEWIS’S Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems
Copyright
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
CONTRIBUTORS
REVIEWERS
Dedication
PREFACE
1 - Concepts in Nursing Practice
1 - Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing Practice in Canada
THE CANADIAN HEALTH CARE CONTEXT
Complex Health Care Environments
Patient-Centred
Care
The Profession of Nursing in Canada
Teamwork and Interprofessional Collaboration
Informatics and Technology
Critical Thinking in Nursing
Evidence-Informed
Practice
THE NURSING PROCESS
Phases of the Nursing Process
Interrelatedness of Phases
NURSING CARE PLANS
Concept Maps
Clinical (Critical) Pathways
DOCUMENTATION
FUTURE CHALLENGES OF NURSING
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
2 - Cultural Competence and Health Equity in Nursing Care
Cultural Landscape of Canada
Exploring The Concepts: Definitions And Meanings
Health Equity
Social Justice and Equity in Nursing Care
Cultural Safety and Cultural Competence
ABCDE of Cultural Competence
Dynamics of Difference
Culturally Competent Practice Environment
THE NURSE’S SELF-ASSESSMENT
Culturally Competent Patient Assessment
Bridging Cultural Distances
Working In Diverse Teams
Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Resources
3 - Health History and Physical Examination
Data Collection
Interviewing Considerations
Teamwork and Collaboration
Data Organization
Biographical Data
Reason for Seeking Care
Current Health or History of Current Illness
Past Health History
Family Health History
Review of Systems
Functional Health Assessment
General Survey
Physical Examination
Types of Assessment
Comprehensive Assessment
Focused Assessment
Emergency Assessment
Using Assessment Approaches
Problem Identification And Nursing Diagnoses
Review Questions
References
4 - Patient and Caregiver Teaching
Role of Patient And Caregiver Teaching
Teaching–Learning Process
Caregiver and Holistic Support
Process of Patient Teaching
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Age-Related
Considerations
Implementation
Evaluation
Continuity of Educational Care
Documentation of the Educational Process
The Standardized Teaching Plan
Review Questions
References
Resources
5 - Chronic Illness
The Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases
Health: Acute Illness, Chronic Illness, and the Health–Illness Continuum
Factors Contributing to Chronic Illness
Risk Factors for Chronic Illness
Prevention of Chronic Illness
The Role of Genetics
The Role of Aging
Disability in Chronic Illness
Psychosocial Dimensions of Chronic Illness
Illness Behaviour and the Sick Role
Self-Efficacy
Health-Related
Hardiness
Mood Disorders
Fatigue
Stigma
Quality of Life
Living With Chronic Illness
Chronic Illness and Caregiving
Conceptual Models of Chronic Illness
Illness Trajectory
Shifting Perspectives Model of Chronic Illness
SELF-MANAGEMENT
The Emerging Paradigm of Chronic Care
References
Review Questions
Resources
6 -Community-Based
Nursing and Home Care
Community Health and the Patient’s Health Care Journey
Community Health Settings
Public Health Care
Primary Health Care
Definition and Importance of Home Care
Home Care Services
Funding and Utilization of Home Care Services
Populations Served by Home Health Care Providers
Overview
Home Health Nursing and Family-Centred
Care
Home Health Nursing Practice Knowledge and Skills
Summary
References
Review Questions
Resources
7 - Older Persons
Demographics of Aging
Attitudes Toward Aging
Biological Theories of Aging
Social Theories of Aging
Universal Health Care
AGE-RELATED
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Older Populations at Risk
Older Women
Older Persons With Cognitive Impairment or Dementia
Older Newcomers to Canada
Older Persons Living in Rural Settings
Older Persons Who Are Homeless
Frail Older Persons
Older Persons With Chronic Illness
Socially Isolated Older Persons
Covid-
Indigenous Older Persons
Social Support and the Older Person
Caregivers
Elder Mistreatment and Abuse
Care Alternatives for Older Persons
Independent Living Options
Community-Based
Care for Older Persons
Long-Term
Care Facilities
Acute Care Settings
Legal and Ethical Issues
Review Questions
8 - Stress and Stress Management
Definition of Stress
Sources of Stress
Levels of Stress
Theoretical Conceptualizations of Stress
Responses to Stress
Physiological Influence
Endocrine System
Immune System
Socioenvironmental Influence
Individual Influence
Effects of Stress on Health
Stress-Related Disorders
Stress Management
Coping
Types of Coping
Review Questions
References
Resources
9 - Sleep and Sleep Disorders
Sleep
Inefficient Sleep And Sleep Disturbances
Sleep Disturbances in the Hospital
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders
Sleep-Disordered
Breathing
Surgical Interventions
Special Concerns for Hospitalization of Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Sleep Movement Disorders
Sleep
Special Sleep Needs of Nurses
Review Questions
References
Resources
10 - Pain
Pain
Magnitude of The Pain Problem
Definitions of Pain
Dimensions of Pain And The Pain Process
Physiological Dimension of Pain
Causes And Types of Pain
Nociceptive Pain
Neuropathic Pain
Acute and Chronic Pain
Pain Assessment
Initial Pain Assessment
Sensory–Discriminative
Component
Nature of Pain
Motivational–Affective, Behavioural, Cognitive–Evaluative, and Sociocultural Components
Indigenous Considerations
Basic Principles
Medication Therapy for Pain
Traditional Medicinal Therapies of Indigenous Populations In Canada
Nonpharmacological Therapy for Pain
Effective Communication
Barriers to Effective Pain Management
Institutionalizing Pain Education And Management
Fear of Hastening Death by Administering Analgesics
Use of Placebos in Pain Assessment and Treatment
Cognitively Impaired Individuals
Patients With Substance Use Problems
Review Questions
References
Resources
11 - Substance Use
Substance Use In Canada
Factors That Influence Substance Use
Neurophysiology of Substances
Attitudes Toward People Experiencing Substance-Related
Problems
Key Concepts And Approaches
The Harm Reduction Perspective
Trauma-Informed
and Culturally Competent Approaches
to Care
Health Promotion
Nicotine
Characteristics
Physiological Effects of Use
Electronic Cigarettes
Health Complications
Interprofessional Care: Nursing Interventions for Tobacco Use Disorder
Characteristics
Effects of Use
Complications
Interprofessional Care
Characteristics
Effects of Use
Interprofessional Care
Characteristics
Effects of Use
Interprofessional Care
Stimulants
Cocaine, Amphetamines, And Prescription Stimulants
Characteristics
Acute Effects of Use
Complications
Interprofessional Care
Characteristics
Effects of Use
Complications
Interprofessional Care
Other Substances
Inhalants
Hallucinogens
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (Ghb)
Acute Pain Management Considerations
Perioperative Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
12 - Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Natural Products
Herbal Therapy
Cannabis
Clinical Applications of Cannabis
Mind–Body Practices
Massage Therapy
Prayer
Alternative Systems of Care
Indigenous Health
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Acupuncture
ENERGY-BASED
THERAPIES
Therapeutic Touch
Review Questions
References
Resources
13 - Palliative and End-of-
Life
Care
Hospice Palliative Care
Integrated Hospice Palliative Care Approach
Physical Manifestations of The End of Life
Death
Psychosocial Manifestations of The End of Life
Grief And Bereavement
Spiritual Needs
At the End of Life
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES AFFECTING
END-OF-
LIFE
CARE
Advance Care Planning and Advance Directives
Resuscitation
Palliative Sedation
Organ and Tissue Donation
Special Needs of Family Caregivers
Special Needs of Nurses
Review Questions
References
Resources
2 - Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Disease
14 - Inflammation and Wound Healing
CELL INJURY
Cell Adaptation to Sublethal Injury
Causes of Lethal Cell Injury
Cell Apoptosis and Necrosis
DEFENCE AGAINST INJURY
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Inflammatory Response
Acute Intervention
Causes and Pathophysiological Features
Clinical Manifestations
Cultural Implications
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
15 - Genetics
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS: GENES,
CHROMOSOMES,
AND DNA
Genes
Chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Human Genome Project
Inheritance Patterns
Single-Gene
Disorders
Chromosomal Disorders
Multifactorial Inheritance
Taking a Family History
Genetic Screening and Testing
Interpreting Genetic Test Results
Gene Therapy
Review Questions
References
Resources
16 - Altered Immune Response and Transplantation
Normal Immune Response
Antigens
Types of Immunity
Lymphoid Organs
Cytokines
Comparison of Humoral and Cell-Mediated
Immunity
Effects of Aging on the Immune System
Altered Immune Response
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Allergic Disorders
Assessment
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Latex Allergies
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities
Autoimmunity
Autoimmune Diseases
Apheresis
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Human Leukocyte Antigen System
Organ Transplantation
Tissue Typing
Transplant Rejection
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Mycophenolate Mofetil (CellCept)
Sirolimus (Rapamune)
Monoclonal Antibodies
Polyclonal Antibodies
Graft-Versus-
Host
Disease
Alternative Strategies
Transplantation of Organs from Deceased Donor
Ex Vivo Transplantation
Hepatitis C–Infected Organ Transplants
Xenotransplantation
Stem Cell Transplantation
Hybridoma Technology: Monoclonal Antibodies
Review Questions
References
Resources
17 - Infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
INFECTIONS
Causes of Infections
Emerging Infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Significance of the Epidemic
Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Drug Therapy
Interprofessional Care
Review Questions
References
RESOURCES
18 - Cancer
Definition and Incidence
Biological Processes of Cancer
Defects in Cellular Proliferation
Defects in Cellular Differentiation
Development of Cancer
Role of the Immune System
Classification of Cancer
Anatomical Site Classification
Histological Analysis Classification
Classifying Extent of Disease
Prevention and Detection of Cancer
Diagnosis of Cancer
Biopsy
Goals and Modalities
Clinical Trials
Surgical Therapy
Cure and Control
Supportive and Palliative Surgical Procedures
Rehabilitative Management
Chemotherapy
Effect on Cells
Classification of Chemotherapeutic Medications
Preparation and Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Methods of Administration
Effects of Chemotherapy on Normal Tissues
Treatment Plan
Radiation Therapy
Effects of Radiation
Simulation and Treatment
Measurement of Radiation
Goals of Radiation Therapy
Late Effects of Radiation Treatment and Chemotherapy
Biological and Targeted Therapy
Toxic and Adverse Effects of Biological Agents
Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation
Types of Bone Marrow Transplants
Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation
Cord Blood Stem Cells
Gene Therapy
Complications Resulting from Cancer
Infection
Oncological Emergencies
Management of Cancer Pain
Psychosocial Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
19 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Imbalances
Homeostasis
Water Content of the Body
Body Fluid Compartments
Calculation of Fluid Gain or Loss
Electrolytes
Measurement of Electrolytes
Electrolyte Composition of Fluid Compartments
MECHANISMS CONTROLLING FLUID AND
ELECTROLYTE
MOVEMENT
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis
Hydrostatic Pressure
Oncotic Pressure
Fluid Movement In Capillaries
Fluid Shifts
Fluid Movement Between Extracellular Fluid and Intracellular Fluid
Fluid Spacing
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation
Adrenal Cortical Regulation
Renal Regulation
Cardiac Regulation
Gastrointestinal Regulation
Insensible Water Loss
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
Sodium and Extracellular Fluid Volume Imbalances
Potassium Imbalances
Calcium Imbalances
Phosphate Imbalances
Magnesium Imbalances
Protein Imbalances
Acid–Base Imbalances
Blood Gas Values
Subjective Data
Important Health Information
Objective Data
Oral Fluid And Electrolyte Replacement
Intravenous Fluid And Electrolyte Replacement
Central Venous Access Devices
Centrally Inserted Catheters
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters
Implanted Infusion Ports
Complications
Removal of Central Venous Access Devices
Review Questions
References
Resources
3 - Perioperative Care
20 - Nursing Management: Preoperative Care
SURGICAL SETTINGS
Elective Inpatient Surgery
SURGICAL WAIT TIMES
PREOPERATIVE ADMISSION ASSESSMENT
DAY-OF-
SURGERY
ASSESSMENT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
21 - Nursing Management: Intraoperative Care
Department Layout
Preoperative Holding Area
Operating Room
Registered Nurse
Practical Nurse
Surgeon and Assistant
Registered Nurse First Assistant
Anaesthesiologist
Advanced Nursing Practice Roles
Classification of Anaesthesia
General Anaesthesia
Local Anaesthesia
Moderate Sedation
Patient After Surgery
Exceptional Clinical Events In The Operating Room
Anaphylactic Reactions
Malignant Hyperthermia
Major Blood Loss
Review Questions
References
Resources
22 - Nursing Management: Postoperative Care
Postoperative Care in the Postanaesthesia Care Unit
Initial Assessment
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Discharge From The Postanaesthesia Care Unit
Care of The Postoperative Patient On The Clinical Unit
Ambulatory and Inpatient Surgery Discharge
Review Questions
References
Resources
4 - Conditions Related to Altered Sensory Input
23 - Nursing Assessment: Visual and Auditory Systems
THE VISUAL SYSTEM
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Internal Structures and Functions
ASSESSMENT
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Transmission of Sound and Implications for Hearing Loss
ASSESSMENT
Important Health History
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Tests for Hearing Acuity
Specialized Tests
Test for Vestibular Function
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
24 - Nursing Management: Visual and Auditory Conditions
VISUAL CONDITIONS
CORRECTABLE REFRACTIVE ERRORS
Surgical Therapy
UNCORRECTABLE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Levels of Visual Impairment
EYE TRAUMA
Inflammation and Infection
DRY EYE DISORDERS
STRABISMUS
Corneal Scars and Opacities
Keratoconus
Cataract
RETINOPATHY
RETINAL DETACHMENT
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
AGE-RELATED
MACULAR DEGENERATION
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
GLAUCOMA
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
INTRAOCULAR INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION
ENUCLEATION
OCULAR TUMOURS
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES
AUDITORY CONDITIONS
EXTERNAL EAR AND CANAL
External Otitis
Cerumen and Foreign Bodies in the External Ear Canal
Trauma
Malignancy of the External Ear
Acute Otitis Media
Otitis Media With Effusion
Otosclerosis
INNER EAR CONDITIONS
Ménière’s Disease
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Acoustic Neuroma
Hearing Loss and Deafness
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
25 - Nursing Assessment: Integumentary System
Structures
Functions of the Integumentary System
Assessment of The Integumentary System
Assessment of Dark Skin Colour
Diagnostic Studies Of The Integumentary System
Review Questions
References
26 - Nursing Management: Integumentary Conditions
Health Promotion
Environmental Hazards
Rest and Sleep
Exercise
Hygiene
Nutrition
Malignant Skin Neoplasms
Risk Factors
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
Actinic Keratosis
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Atypical/Dysplastic Nevus
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Fungal Infections
Infestations and Insect Bites
Allergic Dermatological Conditions
Cutaneous Medication Reactions
Benign Dermatological Conditions
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Cosmetic Procedures
Body Art and Tattoos
Uses
Types
Review Questions
References
Resources
27 - Nursing Management: Burns
TYPES OF BURN INJURY
Thermal Burns
Chemical Burns
Cold Thermal Injury
CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY
Extent of Burn
Location of Burn
Patient Risk Factors
PHASES OF BURN MANAGEMENT
Prehospital Care
Emergent Phase
ACUTE PHASE
REHABILITATION PHASE
Pathophysiological Changes and Clinical Manifestations
Complications
EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF THE PATIENT AND CAREGIVERS
SPECIAL NEEDS OF THE NURSING STAFF
REFERENCES
5 - Conditions of Oxygenation:Ventilation
28 - Nursing Assessment: Respiratory System
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Chest Wall
Respiratory Defence Mechanisms
ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Important Health Information
Blood Studies
Oximetry
Sputum Studies
Skin Tests
Lung Biopsy
Thoracentesis
Pulmonary Function Tests
Exercise Testing
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
29 - Nursing Management: Upper Respiratory Conditions
Deviated Septum
Nasal Fracture
Surgical Procedures
Epistaxis
Allergic Rhinitis
Clinical Manifestations
Acute Viral Rhinitis
Influenza
Clinical Manifestations
Sinusitis
Clinical Manifestations
Polyps
Foreign Bodies
Conditions Related to the Pharynx
Acute Pharyngitis
Clinical Manifestations
Peritonsillar Abscess
Airway Obstruction
Tracheostomy
Laryngeal Polyps
Head and Neck Cancer
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
30 - Nursing Management: Lower Respiratory Conditions
Acute Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Etiology
Types of Pneumonia
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Tuberculosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Atypical Mycobacteria
Pulmonary Fungal Infections
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Environmental Lung Diseases
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Lung Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Other Types of Lung Tumours
Chest Trauma And Thoracic Injuries
Pneumothorax
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Fractured Ribs
Flail Chest
Chest Tubes And Pleural Drainage
Chest Tube Insertion
Pleural Drainage
Chest Surgery
Preoperative Care
Surgical Therapy
Postoperative Care
Restrictive Respiratory Disorders
Types
Clinical Manifestations
Thoracentesis
Interprofessional Care
Pleurisy
Atelectasis
Interstitial Lung Disease
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Sarcoidosis
Vascular Lung Disorders
Pulmonary Edema
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Pulmonary Hypertension
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
Cor Pulmonale
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Lung Transplantation
Review Questions
References
Resources
31 - Nursing Management: Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Asthma
Pathophysiology
Triggers of Asthma Attacks
Clinical Manifestations
Asthma Control and Severity
Diagnostic Studies for Asthma
Interprofessional Care
Medication Therapy
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical Assessment
Interprofessional Care
Cystic Fibrosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
6 - Conditions of Oxygenation:Transport
32 - Nursing Assessment: Hematological System
Bone Marrow
Blood
Iron Metabolism
Clotting Mechanisms
Spleen
Lymph System
Liver
ASSESSMENT OF THE HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Important Health Information
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Radiological Studies
Biopsies
Molecular Cytogenetics and Gene Analysis
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
33 - Nursing Management: Hematological Conditions
Anemia
Definition and Classification
Clinical Manifestations
Integumentary Changes
Cardiopulmonary Manifestations
IRON-DEFICIENCY
ANEMIA
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Megaloblastic Anemias
Cobalamin Deficiency
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Folic Acid Deficiency
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Aplastic Anemia
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Anemia Caused By Blood Loss
Acute Blood Loss
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Chronic Blood Loss
Anemia Caused By Increased Erythrocyte Destruction
Sickle Cell Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Hemochromatosis
Polycythemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Conditions of Hemostasis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Hemophilia and Von Willebrand Disease
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Neutropenia
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Leukemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Classification
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Lymphomas
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic and Staging Studies
NON-HODGKIN’S
LYMPHOMA
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic and Staging Studies
Multiple Myeloma
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Disorders of The Spleen
Blood Component Therapy
Administration Procedure
Blood Transfusion Reactions
Autotransfusion
Review Questions
References
Resources
7 - Conditions of Oxygenation:Perfusion
34 - Nursing Assessment: Cardiovascular System
Heart
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Invasive Studies
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
35 - Nursing Management: Hypertension
Normal Regulation of Blood Pressure
Sympathetic Nervous System
Vascular Endothelium
Renal System
Endocrine System
Hypertension
Subtypes of Hypertension
Etiology
Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Hypertensive Crisis
Clinical Manifestations
Review Questions
References
Resources
36 - Nursing Management: Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Coronary Artery Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Developmental Stages
Collateral Circulation
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Major Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Contributing Risk Factors
Health Promotion
Cholesterol-Lowering
Medication Therapy
Antiplatelet Therapy
Chronic Stable Angina
Prinzmetal’s Angina
Interprofessional Management
Medication Therapy
Diagnostic Studies
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Unstable Angina
Myocardial Infarction
Clinical Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction
Healing Process
Complications of Myocardial Infarction
Unstable Angina and Myocardial Infarction
Other Measures
Interprofessional Care
Emergent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Fibrinolytic Therapy
Medication Therapy
Nutritional Therapy
Coronary Surgical Revascularization
Sudden Cardiac Death
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Review Questions
References
Resources
37 - Nursing Management: Heart Failure
Heart Failure
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Types of Heart Failure
Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Heart Failure
Classification of Heart Failure
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care: Chronic Heart Failure
Referral to Multidisciplinary Clinics or Specialist Care for Heart Failure
Cardiac Transplantation
Advance Care Planning and Goals of Care
Medication Therapy: Chronic Heart Failure
Diuretics
Angiotensin-Converting
Enzyme Inhibitors
Neprilysin Inhibitors
β-­Adrenergic Blockers
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
Inotropic Medications
Nutritional Therapy: Heart Failure
General Principles
Cardiac Transplantation
Mechanical Cardiac Support Devices
Review Questions
References
Resources
38 - Nursing Management: Dysrhythmias
Rhythm Identification and Treatment
Conduction System
Nervous Control of the Heart
Electrocardiographic Monitoring
Types of Monitoring
Assessment of Cardiac Rhythm
Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Dysrhythmias
Evaluation of Dysrhythmias
Types of Dysrhythmias
Antidysrhythmia Medications
Defibrillation
Pacemakers
Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy
Electrocardiographic Changes Associated with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Ischemia
Injury and Infarction
Patient Monitoring
Syncope
Review Questions
References
Resources
39 - Nursing Management: Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders
Inflammatory Disorders of the Heart
Infective Endocarditis
Classification
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Acute Pericarditis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Rheumatic Fever and Heart Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Valvular Heart Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies for Valvular Heart Disease
Cardiomyopathy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
40 - Nursing Management: Vascular Disorders
Peripheral Artery Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Peripheral Artery Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Critical Limb Ischemia
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Interprofessional Care
Other Peripheral Arterial Disorders
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostics
Medical Therapy
Surgical and Interventional Therapy
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Clinical Manifestations
Interventional Therapy
Interprofessional Care
Other Vascular Disorders
Aortic Aneurysms
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Classification
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Surgical Intervention
Endovascular Intervention
Interprofessional Care
Aortic Dissection
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Conservative Therapy
Endovascular Intervention
Surgical Intervention
Interprofessional Care
Venous Disorders
Phlebitis
Venous Thromboembolism
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Varicose Veins
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Chronic Venous Insufficiency and Venous leg Ulcers
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Interprofessional Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
8 - Conditions of Ingestion,Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination
41 - Nursing Assessment: Gastrointestinal System
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Ingestion and Propulsion of Food
Subjective Data
Important Health Information
Objective Data
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Endoscopy
Liver Biopsy
Liver Function Studies
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
42 - Nursing Management: Nutritional Conditions
Nutritional Conditions
Healthy Nutrition
Major Nutrients
Vegetarian Diet
Culturally Competent Care
Malnutrition
Etiology of Malnutrition
Pathophysiology of Starvation
Clinical Manifestations
Dysphagia
Oral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Parenteral Nutrition
Review Questions
References
Resources
43 - Nursing Management: Obesity
Obesity
Classifications of Body Weight and Obesity
Epidemiology of Obesity
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Health Risks Associated With Obesity
Metabolic Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Medication Therapy
Orlistat (Xenical)
Liraglutide (Saxenda)
Naltrexone HCL/ Bupropion HCL (Contrave®)
Bariatric Surgical Therapy
Restrictive Surgeries
Malabsorptive Surgery
Combination of Restrictive and Malabsorptive Surgery
Cosmetic Surgical Therapy
Ambulatory and Home Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
44 - Nursing Management: Upper Gastrointestinal Conditions
Nausea and Vomiting
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Foodborne Illness
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Poisoning
Oral Inflammations and Infections
Oral Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Esophageal Disorders
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Hiatal Hernia
Types
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Esophageal Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Esophageal Diverticula
Esophageal Strictures
Achalasia
Esophageal Varices
Gastritis
Types
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Gastric Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Emergency Assessment and Management
Diagnostic Studies
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Types
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care: Conservative Therapy
Interprofessional Care: Surgical Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Review Questions
References
Resources
45 - Nursing Management: Lower Gastrointestinal Conditions
DIARRHEA
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
CONSTIPATION
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Management
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
APPENDICITIS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
GASTROENTERITIS
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
CROHN’S DISEASE
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
CELIAC DISEASE
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
LACTASE DEFICIENCY
Clinical Manifestations
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
POLYPS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Types of Polyps
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
COLORECTAL CANCER
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
ACUTE INTERVENTION
Types
Surgical Therapy
DIVERTICULOSIS AND DIVERTICULITIS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
HERNIAS
Types
Clinical Manifestations
ANORECTAL CONDITIONS
HEMORRHOIDS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
ANAL FISSURE
ANORECTAL ABSCESS
ANAL FISTULA
ANAL CANCER
PILONIDAL SINUS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
46 - Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Conditions
Disorders of the Liver
Viral Hepatitis
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Medication Therapy
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Causes
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED
LIVER DISEASE (ALD)
Drug-Induced
Liver Injury (DILI)
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Wilson Disease
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care in Advanced Cirrhosis of the Liver
Acute Liver Failure
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Liver Transplantation
Disorders of the Pancreas
Acute Pancreatitis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Chronic Pancreatitis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Pancreatic Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Disorders of the Biliary Tract
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Conservative Therapy
Gallbladder Cancer
Review Questions
References
Resources
9 - Conditions of Urinary Function
47 - Nursing Assessment: Urinary System
Kidneys
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Radiological Studies
Urodynamics Testing
Radionuclide Cystography
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
48 - Nursing Management: Renal and Urological Conditions
Urinary Tract Infection
Classification
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care and Medication Therapy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care and Medication Therapy
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Urethritis
Urethral Diverticula
Interstitial Cystitis
Interprofessional Care and Medication Therapy
Renal Tuberculosis
Immunological Disorders of the Kidney
Glomerulonephritis
Clinical Manifestations
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Obstructive Uropathies
Urinary Tract Calculi
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Types
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Strictures
Ureteral Strictures
Urethral Stricture
Renal Trauma
Renal Vascular Conditions
Nephrosclerosis
Renal Artery Stenosis
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Hereditary Renal Diseases
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Medullary Cystic Disease
Alport Syndrome
Renal Involvement in Metabolic and Connective Tissue Diseases
Urinary Tract Tumours
Kidney Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Urinary Incontinence and Retention
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care: Urinary Incontinence
Interprofessional Care: Urinary Retention
Instrumentation
Urethral Catheterization
Ureteral Catheters
Suprapubic Catheters
Nephrostomy Tubes
Intermittent Catheterization
Surgery of the Urinary Tract
Renal and Ureteral Surgery
Preoperative Management
Postoperative Management
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy
Urinary Diversion
Incontinent Urinary Diversion
Continent Urinary Diversions
Orthotopic Bladder Substitution
Review Questions
References
Resources
49 - Nursing Management: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Chronic Kidney Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Management: Chronic Kidney Disease
Dialysis
General Principles of Dialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Catheter Placement
Dialysis Solutions and Cycles
Peritoneal Dialysis Systems
Effectiveness of and Adaptation to Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Vascular Access Sites for Hemodialysis
Dialyzers
Procedure
Effectiveness of and Adaptation to Hemodialysis
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Kidney Transplantation
Ethical Issues
Recipient Selection
Histocompatibility Studies
Donor Sources
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Review Questions
References
Resources
10 - Conditions Related to Regulatory and Reproductive Mechanisms
50 - Nursing Assessment: Endocrine System
Glands
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Subjective Data
Objective Data
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Laboratory Studies
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
51 - Nursing Management: Endocrine Conditions
Acromegaly
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Hypofunction of the Pituitary Gland
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Goitre
Thyroid Nodules and Cancer
Types of Thyroid Cancer
Diagnostic Studies
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands
Hyperparathyroidism
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Corticosteroid Therapy
Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy
Complications Associated With Corticosteroid Therapy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
52 - Nursing Management: Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Medication Therapy: Insulin
Medication Therapy: Antihyperglycemic Agents
Nutritional Therapy
Exercise
Monitoring Blood Glucose
Bariatric Surgery
Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
Interprofessional Care
Hypoglycemia
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Macrovascular Complications
Microvascular Complications
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Interprofessional Care
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Classification
Complications of The Foot And The Lower Extremity
Integumentary Complications
Infection
Review Questions
References
Resources
53 - Nursing Assessment: Reproductive System
Structures and Functions of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Pelvic Organs
Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Reproductive System
Menarche
Menstrual Cycle
Menopause
Phases of the Sexual Response
Subjective Data
Objective Data
Diagnostic Studies of Reproductive Systems
Urine Studies
Blood Studies
Cultures and Smears
Cytological Studies
Radiological Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
54 - Nursing Management: Breast Disorders
Assessment of Breast Disorders
Radiological Studies
Biopsies
Mastalgia
Fibrocystic Changes
Fibroadenoma
Nipple Discharge
Gynecomastia
Breast Cancer
Etiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Mammoplasty
Breast Reconstruction
Types of Reconstruction
Breast Augmentation
Breast Reduction
Review Questions
References
Resources
55 - Nursing Management: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Factors Affecting Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infection
Bacterial Infections
Gonorrhea
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Syphilis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Chlamydial Infections
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Viral Infections
Genital Herpes
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Genital Human Papilloma Virus Infections
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Human Papilloma Virus Immunization
Acute Intervention
Review Questions
References
Resources
56 - Nursing Management: Female Reproductive Conditions
Infertility
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Abortion
Spontaneous Abortion
Induced Abortion
Conditions Related To Menstruation
Premenstrual Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Dysmenorrhea
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
Types of Irregular Bleeding
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Ectopic Pregnancy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Perimenopause And Postmenopause
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Interprofessional Care
Chronic Pelvic Pain
Endometriosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Leiomyomas
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Cervical Polyps
Benign Ovarian Tumours
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Cervical Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Endometrial or Uterine Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Ovarian Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Vaginal Cancer
Vulvar Cancer
Surgical Procedures: Female Reproductive System
Radiation Therapy: Cancers of The Female Reproductive System
External Radiation Therapy
Internal Radiation Therapy (Vaginal Brachytherapy)
Conditions With Pelvic Support
Uterine Prolapse
Cystocele And Rectocele
Fistula
Review Questions
References
Resources
57 - Nursing Management: Male Reproductive Conditions
Conditions of The Prostate Gland
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Prostate Cancer
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Conditions of The Penis
Congenital Conditions
Conditions of The Prepuce
Conditions of Erectile Mechanism
Cancer of The Penis
Conditions of The Scrotum And Testes
Inflammatory And Infectious Conditions
Skin Conditions
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Congenital Conditions
Hydrocele
Spermatocele
Varicocele
Testicular Torsion
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Sexual Functioning
Vasectomy
Erectile Dysfunction
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Andropause
Infertility
Review Questions
Resources
11 - Conditions Related to Movement and Coordination
58 - Nursing Assessment: Nervous System
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cells of the Nervous System
Neurogenesis
Nerve Impulse
Neurotransmitters. A neurotransmitter is a chemical agent that affects the transmission of an impulse across the synaptic cleft....
Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord. The spinal cord is continuous with the brainstem and exits from the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum. A cr...
Ascending Tracts. In general, the ascending tracts carry specific sensory information to higher levels of the CNS. This informat...
Descending Tracts. Descending tracts carry impulses that are responsible for muscle movement. Among the most important descendin...
Lower Motor Neurons. Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are the final common pathway through which descending motor tracts influence ske...
Upper Motor Neurons. Upper motor neurons (UMNs) originate in the cerebral cortex and project downward. The corticobulbar tract e...
Reflex Arc. A reflex is defined as an involuntary response to a stimulus. The components of a monosynaptic reflex arc (the simpl...
Brain. The brain can be divided into three major components: cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum
Cerebrum. The cerebrum is composed of the right and left cerebral hemispheres and divided into four major lobes: frontal, tempor...
Brainstem. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla (see Figure 58.7). Ascending and descending fibres pas...
Cerebellum. The cerebellum is located in the posterior part of the cranial fossa, inferior to the occipital lobe. The cerebellum...
Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid. The ventricles are four cavities within the brain, filled with CSF, that connect with one an...
Cerebrospinal Fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colourless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid (McCa...
Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal Nerves. The spinal cord is a series of spinal segments, one on top of another. In addition to the cell bodies, each segme...
Cranial Nerves. The cranial nerves (CNs) are the 12 paired nerves composed of cell bodies with fibres that exit from the cranial...
Autonomic Nervous System. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) governs involuntary functions of cardiac muscle, smooth (involuntar...
Cerebral Circulation
Blood–Brain Barrier. The blood–brain barrier is a physiological barrier between blood capillaries and brain tissue (McCance et a...
Protective Structures
Meninges. The meninges are three layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord: dura mater, arachno...
Skull. The bony skull protects the brain from external trauma. It is composed of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. Although t...
Vertebral Column. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides flexibility. The vertebral colu...
ASSESSMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Subjective Data
Important Health Information
Objective Data
Diagnostic Studies of the Nervous System
Radiological Studies
Electrographic Studies
Combined Doppler and Ultrasound (Duplex) Studies
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
59 - Nursing Management: Acute Intracranial Conditions
Intracranial Pressure
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Mechanisms of Increased Intracranial Pressure
Cerebral Edema
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Neuromonitoring
Interprofessional Care
Acute Intervention
Head Injury
Types of Head Injuries
Complications
Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Brain Tumours
Types
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Cranial Surgery
Types
Inflammatory Conditions of The Brain
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Viral Meningitis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Brain Abscess
Review Questions
References
Resources
60 - Nursing Management: Stroke
Anatomy of Cerebral Circulation
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
Atherosclerosis
Risk Factors for Stroke
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Types of Stroke
Ischemic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Clinical Manifestations of Stroke
Diagnostic Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
61 - Nursing Management: Chronic Neurological Conditions
Headache
Migraine Headache
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
TENSION-TYPE
HEADACHE
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Cluster Headache
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Other Types of Headaches
Interprofessional Care for Headaches
Chronic Neurological Disorders
Seizure Disorder
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Multiple Sclerosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Parkinson’s Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Myasthenia Gravis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Huntington’s Disease
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Review Questions
References
Resources
62 - Nursing Management: Delirium, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Dementias
Delirium
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Medication Therapy
Dementia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Risk Modification
Interprofessional Care
Review Questions
References
Resources
63 - Nursing Management: Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Conditions
Cranial Nerve Disorders
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Polyneuropathies
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ
SYNDROME
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medication Therapy
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Medication Therapy
Neurosyphilis
Spinal Cord Conditions
Spinal Cord Injury
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Spinal Cord Injury Research in Canada
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Postpolio Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
64 - Nursing Assessment: Musculoskeletal System
Bone
Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System
Diagnostic Studies of the Musculoskeletal System
Radiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Arthroscopy
Arthrocentesis and Synovial Fluid Analysis
Muscle Enzymes
Serological Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
65 - Nursing Management: Musculoskeletal Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery
Soft Tissue Injuries
Sprains and Strains
Dislocation and Subluxation
Repetitive Strain Injury
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Rotator Cuff Injury
Meniscus Injury
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Bursitis
Classification
Clinical Manifestations
Fracture Healing
Interprofessional Care
Ambulatory and Home Care
Cast Care.Because many fractures are treated in an outpatient setting, the patient often requires only a short hospitalization o...
Psychosocial Problems.Short-
Ambulation.The nurse must know the overall goals of physiotherapy in relation to the patient’s abilities, needs, and tolerance. ...
Assistive Devices.Devices for ambulation range from a cane, which can relieve up to 40% of the weight normally borne by a lower ...
Counselling and Referrals.During the rehabilitative process, the patient’s caregiver assumes an important role in the provision ...
Complications of Fractures
Infection
Compartment Syndrome
Venous Thromboembolism
Fat Embolism Syndrome
Types of Fractures
Colles Fracture
Fracture of the Humerus
Fracture of the Pelvis
Fracture of the Hip
Clinical Manifestations
Interprofessional Care
Femoral Shaft Fracture
Fracture of the Tibia
Stable Vertebral Fractures
Facial Fractures
Mandible Fracture
Amputation
Clinical Indications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Common Joint Surgical Procedures
Synovectomy
Osteotomy
Debridement
Arthroplasty
Arthrodesis
Complications of Joint Surgery
Review Questions
References
Resources
66 - Nursing ManagementMusculoskeletal Conditions
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Metabolic Bone Diseases
Osteoporosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Medication Therapy
Paget’s Disease
Low Back Pain
Acute Low Back Pain
Interprofessional Care
Chronic Low Back Pain
Spinal Stenosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Neck Pain
Foot Disorders
Bone Tumours
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Benign Tumours
Osteochondroma
Osteoclastoma
Enchondroma
Malignant Bone Tumours
Osteosarcoma
Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumours
Metastatic Bone Cancer
Review Questions
References
Resources
67 - Nursing Management: Arthritis and Connective Tissue Diseases
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Gout
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care and Nursing Management
Lyme Disease
Septic Arthritis
Spondyloarthropathies
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Psoriatic Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Other Connective Tissue Disorders
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Scleroderma
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Myositis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Sjögren Syndrome
Soft Tissue Rheumatic Syndromes
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Fibromyalgia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations and Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care
Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Review Questions
References
Resources
12 - Nursing Care in Specialized Settings
68 - Nursing Management: Critical Care Environment
Critical Care Units
Critical Care Nurse
Critical Care Patients
Other Considerations
HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
Principles of Invasive Pressure Monitoring
ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS
Endotracheal Tubes
Endotracheal Intubation Procedure
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Types of Mechanical Ventilation
Settings of Mechanical Ventilators
Chronic Mechanical Ventilation
PATIENT-AND
FAMILY-CENTRED
CARE IN
CRITICAL CARE
Indigenous Care in Critical Care
End-of-
Life
Care in the Critical Care Context
Family Presence in Critical Care
Critical Care Survivorship and Post–Critical Care Unit Syndrome
OTHER CRITICAL CARE CONTENT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
69 - Shock, Sepsis, and Multiple-Organ
Dysfunction Syndrome
SHOCK
Classification of Shock
Stages of Shock
Diagnostic Studies
Interprofessional Care: General Measures
SEPSIS, SEPTIC SHOCK, AND MULTIPLE-ORGAN
DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestations
Review Questions
References
Resources
70 - Nursing Management: Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Failure
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Progression
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Review Questions
References
Resources
71 - Nursing Management: Emergency Care Situations
CARE OF THE EMERGENCY PATIENT
TRIAGE
PRIMARY SURVEY
A=Alertness and Airway
B=Breathing
C=Circulation
D=Disability
E=Exposure and Environmental Control
F=Full Set of Vital Signs and Family Presence
G=Get Resuscitation Adjuncts
SECONDARY SURVEY
H = History and Head-to-
Toe
Assessment
I=Inspect the Posterior Surfaces
ACUTE CARE AND EVALUATION
Cardiac Arrest and Targeted Temperature Management
Mandatory Reporting of Gunshot and Stab Wounds
Reporting of Abuse of Children
DEATH IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Organ and Tissue Donation
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT WAIT TIMES
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES
HEAT-RELATED
EMERGENCIES
Heat Cramps
Heat Exhaustion
Heatstroke
COLD-RELATED
EMERGENCIES
Frostbite
Hypothermia
SUBMERSION INJURIES
Interprofessional Care
BITES AND STINGS
Hymenopteran Stings
Spider Bites (Arachnid)
Tick Bites
Animal and Human Bites
POISONINGS
VIOLENCE
Family and Intimate Partner Violence
Interprofessional Care
REVIEW QUESTIONS
REFERENCES
RESOURCES
72 - Emergency Management and Disaster Planning
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ANDDISASTER PLANNING
Individual and Government Responsibilities
EMERGENCY/DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Prevention and Mitigation
Preparedness
Strategic Emergency Management Plan
Response
Triage
Recovery
Natural Disasters
Human-Madeor Human-InducedDisasters
THE ROLE OF NURSING LEADERSHIP IN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
DISASTERS
Terrorism
Outbreaks, Epidemics, Pandemics, and Endemics
Laboratory Values
GLOSSARY
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
SPECIAL FEATURES
IBC