Legumes: Physiology and Molecular Biology of Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Physiology and Molecular Biology of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Abiotic Stress
1.3 Drought-Stress Response and Signaling
1.4 Temperature Stress
1.5 Heavy Metal Tolerance
1.6 Saline/Salt Tolerance
1.7 Flood Tolerance
1.8 Conclusion
References
2: Harnessing Genetic Variation in Physiological and Molecular Traits to Improve Heat Tolerance in Food Legumes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Heat Stress and Legumes
2.3 Growth-Based Studies
2.3.1 Biomass
2.3.2 Plant Height
2.3.3 Root System Architecture
2.4 Yield-Based Traits
2.4.1 Seed Number
2.4.2 Seed Weight
2.5 Pollen Grain Traits
2.6 Leaf-Based Parameters
2.6.1 Stomatal Conductance
2.6.2 Stay-Green Trait
2.6.3 Chlorophyll Fluorescence
2.6.4 Photosynthetic Rate
2.6.5 Sucrose
2.6.6 Cell Membrane Thermostability
2.6.7 Canopy Temperature Depression
2.7 Biochemical Traits
2.7.1 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
2.7.2 Metabolites
2.7.3 Heat-Shock Proteins
2.8 Genes for Heat Tolerance
2.9 Scope of Harnessing Germplasm for Designing Heat Tolerance
2.10 Genetics of Heat Tolerance
2.11 Genomic Resources for Heat Tolerance
2.12 Transcriptomics for Unfolding Candidate Genes for Heat Tolerance
2.13 Proteomics and Metabolomics Resolving Gene Networks for Heat Tolerance in Grain Legumes
2.14 Conclusions
References
3: Traits Associated with Drought and High-Temperature Stress and Its Associated Mechanisms in Legumes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Traits Associated with Drought and High Temperature (HT) Stress Tolerance and Its Phenotyping Method
3.2.1 Green Leaf Area Duration
3.2.2 Plant Water Status
3.2.3 Canopy Temperature Depression
3.2.4 Limited Transpiration
3.2.5 Root Architecture
3.2.6 Membrane Stability
3.2.7 Photochemical Efficiency
3.2.8 Yield-Forming Traits
3.3 Conclusion
References
4: Epigenetics of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Epigenetics and Major DNA Methylation Mechanisms
4.2.1 De Novo Methylation
4.2.2 Maintenance of Methylation
4.2.3 DNA Demethylation
4.3 Methylation of Various Regions of the Gene
4.3.1 Histone Modifications
4.3.2 Noncoding RNAs and Epigenetic Regulation Under Abiotic Stress
4.4 Epigenetics and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes
4.4.1 Temperature-Stress Tolerance
4.4.1.1 Heat Stress
4.4.1.2 Chilling Stress
4.4.2 Drought-Stress Tolerance
4.4.3 Salinity-Stress Tolerance
4.4.4 Abiotic Stress Tolerance and DNA Demethylation
4.4.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Epigenetics-Based Breeding Strategies in Legumes
4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
5: Morphophysiological and Molecular Diversity in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Origin
5.3 Genetic Resources
5.4 Cultivation
5.5 Genetic Variability
5.6 Mutation
5.6.1 Mutations Induced Through Physical Factors
5.6.2 Mutations Induced Through Chemical Factors
5.6.3 Mutations Induced Through Physical and Chemical Factors
5.7 Genotype x Environment Interaction and Stability
5.8 Correlation and Path Analysis
5.9 Genetic Divergence
5.10 Plant Protection
5.10.1 Viral Diseases
5.10.2 Fungal Diseases
5.10.3 Bacterial Diseases
5.10.4 Nematodes
5.10.5 Insect Pests
5.11 Physiology and Abiotic Stresses
5.11.1 Water Stress and Drought
5.11.2 Salt Stress
5.11.3 Other Abiotic Stresses
5.12 Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation
5.13 Genetic Markers and Biotechnology
5.14 Conclusion and Prospects
References
6: Molecular Characterization and Mapping of Stress Resistance Genes Using SNP Platform in Legumes
6.1 Introduction to Legumes
6.1.1 Stress Resistance in Legumes
6.1.2 Tolerance
6.1.3 Resistance
6.2 Breeding Strategies for Characterization of Stress Resistance Genes
6.2.1 Germplasm Characterization
6.3 Genetic Analysis and Selection Methods for Stress Resistance in Legumes
6.3.1 Screening Methods
6.3.2 Marker-Assisted Genomic Selection
6.3.3 Gene Postulation
6.3.4 Genetic Analysis
6.4 Population Development
6.4.1 Development of Mapping Population
6.5 Molecular Breeding of Legumes in Genomics Era
6.5.1 Molecular Markers for Selection of Stress-Resistant Genes
6.6 High-Throughput Technology and SNP Discovery
6.6.1 Sequencing for SNP discovery
6.6.2 First-Generation DNA Sequencing
6.6.3 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
6.6.4 SNP Genotyping and Validation
6.7 Molecular Mapping of Stress Resistance Gene(s)/QTL(s) Using SNP Markers
6.7.1 Genetic Maps of Legumes
6.8 Mapping a Gene or QTL
6.8.1 Oligo-Gene Mapping (Single-Gene Mapping)
6.8.1.1 Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA)
6.8.1.2 Selective Genotyping
6.8.1.3 Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq)
6.8.1.4 Single-Gene Mapping Procedure
6.9 QTL Mapping
6.9.1 Mapping a QTL(s): Procedure
6.10 Marker-Assisted Backcrossing and Gene Pyramiding
6.10.1 Marker-Assisted Backcrossing
6.10.2 Gene Pyramiding
References
7: Genomics of Abiotic Stress in Rice bean (Vigna umbellata)
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Genetic Resources of Rice bean
7.3 Physiology and Genetics of Abiotic Stress
7.4 Genomic Resources in Rice bean
7.4.1 Genome Sequences
7.4.2 Molecular Markers and Transcriptomes
7.4.3 Genetic Linkage Maps
7.5 Status and Opportunities of Genomic Research for Abiotic Stress in Rice bean
7.6 Future Perspectives
References
8: Genetics and Genomics of Drought and Heat Tolerance in Cowpea, Mung Bean and Black Gram
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Independent and Collective Effects of Drought and Heat Stress
8.3 Genetic Variability for Heat and Drought Tolerance
8.4 Genetics of Heat and Drought Tolerance
8.5 Breeding Strategies for Improving Drought and Heat Tolerance
8.6 Screening of Target Traits for Drought- and Heat-Stress Tolerance
8.7 Genomics for Improving Drought and Heat Tolerance
8.7.1 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Mapping
8.7.2 Association Studies
8.7.3 Comparative Genomics
8.7.4 Candidate Genes
8.7.5 Genes for Heat-Shock Proteins
8.7.6 Genomic-Assisted Breeding
8.7.7 Transcriptome Analysis
8.7.8 MicroRNAs (miRNA)
8.8 Metabolite Changes
8.9 Genome Editing
8.10 Transgenics
8.11 Mutation Breeding
8.12 Next-Generation Platforms
8.13 Conclusion
References
9: Current and Future Strategies in Breeding Lentil for Abiotic Stresses
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Nutritional Benefit and Their Health Significance
9.1.2 Effect of Stress on Quality and Crop Yield
9.1.3 Lentils in the Midst of Climate Change and Rising Population
9.2 Major Abiotic Stresses Influencing Lentil Productivity
9.2.1 Heat Stress
9.2.2 Cold Stress
9.2.3 Drought Stress
9.2.4 Submergence and Flooding Stress
9.2.5 Salinity Stress
9.3 Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) of Lentil and Abiotic Stress
9.3.1 Molecular Genetic Diversity in Lentil
9.3.2 Next-Generation Technologies
9.3.3 Molecular Mapping of Resistance/Tolerance Genes and QTLs in Lentil
9.3.4 Abiotic Stresses and Transcriptome Analysis in Lentil
9.3.5 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) in Lentil Improvement
9.4 Conclusion
References
10: Molecular and Physiological Approaches for Effective Management of Drought in Black Gram
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different Mechanisms of Plants to Manage Drought Stress
10.2.1 Drought Escape
10.2.2 Drought Avoidance
10.2.3 Drought Tolerance
10.3 Drought Tolerance Mechanism in Legumes
10.4 Compatible Solute Accumulation
10.5 Antioxidant Defense
10.6 Hormone Regulation
10.7 Important Traits for Managing or Adopting Drought Stress in Black Gram
10.7.1 Root Morphology and Plasticity
10.7.2 Stomatal Conductance
10.7.3 Slow Canopy Wilting (SW)
10.7.4 Epidermal Conductance
10.7.5 Leaf Pubescence Density
10.7.6 Water-Use Efficiency
10.7.7 Osmotic Adjustment
10.8 Various Strategies of Drought Stress Management
10.8.1 Physiological Approach
10.8.1.1 Exogenous Application of Growth-Regulating Chemicals
10.8.1.2 Hydrogels
10.8.1.3 Application of Fertilizer
10.8.2 Molecular Approaches for the Development of DS-Tolerant Legumes
10.8.2.1 Breeding Approach
10.8.2.2 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and Molecular Assisted Breeding
10.8.2.3 Transgenic Approach
10.8.2.4 Genome Editing (GE) by CRISPR/Cas9
10.9 Conclusions and Future Research Perspectives
References
11: Abiotic Stress Responses in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.): Mechanisms and Adaptations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Abiotic Stress Responses in Groundnut
11.2.1 Morphological Responses
11.2.2 Reproductive Responses
11.2.3 Physiological Responses
11.2.4 Biochemical and Molecular Responses
11.3 Tolerance Mechanisms and Adaptation
11.3.1 Morphophysiological Mechanisms
11.3.2 Molecular Mechanisms
11.4 Strategies for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Molecular Mechanisms of Nutrient Deficiency Stress Tolerance in Legumes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Physiological Tolerance Mechanisms to Nutrient Deficiency in Legumes
12.3 Molecular Basis of Nutrient Uptake Under Starvation Conditions
12.3.1 Phosphorus
12.3.1.1 Uptake and Transport
12.3.1.2 Regulation of Pi Transporters
12.3.1.3 Regulation of Pi Transporters by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
12.3.2 Potassium
12.3.2.1 K Uptake and Transport
12.3.2.2 Regulation of K Transporters
12.3.3 Sulphur
12.3.3.1 S Uptake and Transport
12.3.3.2 Regulation of S Transporter
12.3.4 Magnesium
12.3.4.1 Mg Uptake and Transport
12.3.5 Calcium
12.3.5.1 Ca Uptake and Transport
12.3.5.2 Regulation of Ca Transporters
12.3.6 Metal Divalent Cations: Fe, Zn, and Mn
12.3.6.1 Uptake, Transport, and Regulation of Metal Divalent Cations
12.4 Conclusions
References
13: Stress Memory and Its Mitigation via Responses Through Physiological and Biochemical Traits in Mung Bean Under Moisture St...
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Drought Stress
13.1.2 Hormonal Profiling Reveals Stress Memory
13.1.3 Leaf Water Contents, Gas Exchange, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence
13.1.4 Photosynthetic Pigments and Antioxidants
13.1.5 Source-Sink Relationships
13.1.6 Biometric Traits
13.1.7 Biochemical Traits
13.1.8 Seedling Traits
13.2 Conclusion
References
14: Genetic Engineering for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Pulses
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Drought
14.1.2 Salinity
14.1.3 Waterlogging
14.1.4 Temperature Extremities
14.2 Genetically Engineered Pulses for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
14.2.1 Chickpea
14.2.2 Pigeon Pea
14.2.3 Mung Bean
14.2.4 Urdbean
14.2.5 Cowpea
14.2.6 Field Pea
14.2.7 Common Bean
14.2.8 Lentil
14.3 Conclusions
References
15: Aluminum Toxicity Tolerance in Food Legumes: Mechanisms, Screening, and Inheritance
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genotypic Differences in Al Tolerance Among Legumes
15.3 Symptoms of Al Toxicity in Legumes
15.4 Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Al Tolerance in Food Legumes
15.5 Physiological and Biochemical Parameters Associated with Al Tolerance in Legumes
15.5.1 Organic Acid Exudation
15.5.2 Callose Accumulation
15.5.3 Mucilage Secretion
15.5.4 Al-Induced Antioxidant Enzyme Production
15.5.5 Lipid Peroxidation
15.5.6 Nutritional Interaction
15.5.7 Visual Detection of Al Contents
15.6 Screening Techniques for Al Tolerance
15.6.1 Short-Term Screening Techniques
15.6.1.1 Hematoxylin Staining Method
15.6.1.2 Eriochrome Cyanine R Staining
15.6.1.3 Root Regrowth After Staining
15.6.1.4 Root Regrowth Without Staining
15.6.1.5 Fluorescence Staining Methods
15.6.1.6 Callose Deposition
15.6.1.7 Detection of Al-Induced H2O2 Level
15.6.2 Long-Term Screening Techniques
15.6.2.1 Nutrient Solution Culture Without Staining
15.6.2.2 Relative Root Length (RRL)
15.6.2.3 Root System Architecture
15.6.2.4 Sand Culture
15.6.2.5 Soil Culture
15.7 Genetics and Molecular Aspects of Al Tolerance in Legumes
15.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References