Latest Developments in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Single-Frequency Method for Computing Seismic Earth Pressures
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Mononobe–Okabe Method
1.1.2 Elastodynamic Continuum Solutions
1.1.3 Elastodynamic Winkler Solution
1.2 Equivalent Single-Frequency Solution Parameters
1.2.1 Transfer Functions for Frequency-Domain Solution
1.2.2 Earthquake Ground Motion Selection
1.2.3 Selection of Single-Frequency Parameters
1.3 Conclusions
References
2 Three-Dimensional Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling of Underground Structures Subjected to Normal Faulting
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Problem Definition
2.3 Three-Dimensional Centrifuge and Numerical Modeling of Pile-Faulting and Tunnel-Faulting Interaction
2.3.1 Experimental Program and Setup
2.3.2 Model Pile and Model Tunnel
2.3.3 Model Preparation
2.3.4 Instrumentation and Centrifuge Model Test Procedure
2.3.5 Numerical Back-Analysis of Centrifuge Tests
2.3.6 Parametric Study of Pile-Fault-Distance and Tunnel Depth
2.4 Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Centrifuge Tests and Numerical Simulations
2.4.1 Ground Surface Settlements Adjacent to the Single Pile and Pile Group
2.4.2 Normal Fault Propagation in Sand and Fault-Pile Interaction
2.4.3 Pile Top Displacement and Tilting
2.4.4 Influence of Pile Location on Pile Responses: Numerical Parametric Study
2.4.5 Ground Surface Settlement Along the Longitudinal and Transverse Tunnel Directions
2.4.6 Propagation of Normal Fault and Fault-Tunnel Interaction
2.5 Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
3 Liquefaction Mitigation Measures: A Historical Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of Liquefaction-Induced Damage
3.3 Causative Mechanism of Liquefaction and Principles of Its Mitigation
3.4 Mitigation Measures for Newly Constructed Structures
3.4.1 Prevention of Liquefaction for New Structures
3.4.2 Allowing for Limited Extent of Liquefaction for New Structures
3.5 Mitigation Measures Under Existing Structures
3.5.1 Prevention of Liquefaction Under Existing Structures
3.5.2 Allowing for Limited Extent of Liquefaction Under Existing Structures
3.6 Mitigation Measures Under Existing Houses
3.6.1 Ground Water Lowering in Residential Land
3.6.2 Underground Grid Wall
3.7 Emerging Topics
3.8 Conclusion
References
4 Liquefaction-Induced Pile Downdrag from Full-Scale Testing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Driven Pile Downdrag Testing in Vancouver, Canada
4.3 Augercast Pile Downdrag Testing in Christchurch, New Zealand
4.4 Micropile Downdrag Testing in Mirabello, Italy
4.5 Driven and Bored Pile Downdrag Testing in Turrell, Arkansas, USA
4.6 Procedure for Determining the Neutral Plane for Piles in Liquefied Sand
4.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
5 Cyclic Resistance and Large Deformation Characteristics of Sands Under Sloping Ground Conditions: Insights from Large-Strain Torsional Simple Shear Tests
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Effects of Static Shear on Liquefaction Resistance of Sand
5.1.2 Large Deformation Properties of Liquefied Sand Within Sloping Ground
5.2 Large-Strain Hollow Cylindrical Torsional Shear Apparatus
5.2.1 Stress and Strains Definition
5.2.2 Experimental Evaluation of Membrane Resistance and Its Correction
5.3 Testing Material and Procedure
5.3.1 Stress Reversal and no-Stress Reversal Loading Conditions
5.4 Tests Results
5.4.1 Undrained Shear Strength
5.4.2 Failure Mechanisms and Development of Large Deformation
5.4.3 Cyclic Strength Against Large Deformation Accumulation
5.4.4 Strain Localization in Liquefied Sand Specimens
5.5 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 High-Speed Trains with Different Tracks on Layered Ground and Measures to Increase Critical Speed
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Early Studies on Moving Loads
6.1.2 Studies on High-Speed Trains
6.2 Simulation Models
6.2.1 Track Cases
6.2.2 Computational Tools
6.2.3 Green’s Functions for Layered Viscoelastic Soil
6.2.4 Green’s Functions for Piles in Layered Soil
6.3 Soil and Load Data and Simulation for Base Case
6.4 Measures to Increase Critical Speed
6.4.1 Track Stiffening
6.4.2 Ground Improvement and Soil Replacement
6.4.3 Piled Track
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Numerical Simulation of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil Under Cyclic Loading
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Numerical Model for Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil Under Cyclic Loading
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Calibration of FE Model
7.3.2 Behavior of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil During Cyclic Loading
7.3.3 Effect of Cyclic Stress on the Settlement of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Soil
7.3.4 Spatial Distribution of Stresses on Soil and Reinforcement During Cyclic Loading
7.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
8 Assessing the Effect of Aging on Soil Liquefaction Resistance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Holocene Liquefaction in Pleistocene Deposits
8.3 Correcting CRR for Diagenesis
8.3.1 Time-KDR Relationships
8.3.2 MEVR-KDR Relationships
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 Uncertainties in Small-Strain Damping Ratio Evaluation and Their Influence on Seismic Ground Response Analyses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of Uncertainties in GRAs
9.3 Laboratory Tests
9.3.1 RC Test
9.3.2 CTS and C(DS)DSS Tests
9.3.3 Frequency-Dependent Soil Behavior
9.4 In Situ Tests
9.4.1 Geophysical Tests
9.4.2 Back-Analysis of Downhole Arrays
9.5 Literature Approaches to Account for Wave Scattering Effects
9.6 Influence of D0 Correction in GRAs
9.6.1 Stochastic Database of GRAs
9.6.2 The Roccafluvione Case Study
9.7 Final Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
10 Large Deformation Analysis of Coseismic Landslide Using Material Point Method
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Material Point Method
10.3 Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Slope Failure
10.3.1 Model Setup
10.3.2 Dynamic Slope Failure Process
10.3.3 Effects of Residual Soil Strength
10.4 Conclusions and Discussions
Acknowledgements
References
11 The State of Art on Equivalent State Theory for Silty Sands
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Equivalent State Theory (EST)
11.2.1 Equivalent Granular Void Ratio, e*
11.2.2 Discrete Element Method (DEM) Evidence for Active/Inactive Fine Particles and Their Contribution
11.2.3 Estimation of b
11.2.4 Philosophy of the Equivalent State Theory and a Few Experimental Databases for Evaluation
11.2.5 Small Strain Stiffness Within the Equivalent State Theory
11.2.6 Equivalent Granular Critical State Line for the Equivalent State Theory
11.2.7 The Equivalent Granular State Parameter for the Equivalent State Theory
11.2.8 Static Liquefaction/Instability Within the Equivalent State Theory
11.2.9 Cyclic Liquefaction Within the Equivalent State Theory
11.3 Constitutive Models Within the Equivalent State Theory
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Forensic Evaluation of Long-Distance Flow in Gently Sloped Ground During the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake, Indonesia
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Geological and Seismological Characteristics of Central Sulawesi Region
12.3 Earthquake-Induced Flow-Slides and the Resulting Damage
12.3.1 Flow-Slides at Jono Oge
12.3.2 Flow-Slide at Sibalaya
12.3.3 Flow-Slide at Balaroa
12.3.4 Flow-Slides at Petobo
12.4 Probable Flow-Slide Mechanism
12.5 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
13 Empirical Predictions of Fourier Amplitude and Phase Spectra Including Local Site Effects for Simulation of Design Accelerograms in Western Himalayan Region
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Region and Strong Motion Database
13.3 Prediction Relations for Fourier Amplitude Spectra
13.3.1 Estimation of Regression Coefficients
13.3.2 Prediction Model and Statistics of Residues
13.3.3 Examples of Predicted Fourier Spectra
13.3.4 Comparisons Between Predicted and Real Fourier Spectra
13.4 Prediction Methodology for Fourier Phase Spectra
13.4.1 Prediction of Group Velocity Dispersion Curves
13.4.2 Simulation of Fourier Phase Spectra
13.5 Generation of Design Accelerograms
13.6 Discussion and Conclusions
References
14 Regional–Local Hybrid Seismic Hazard and Disaster Modeling of the Five Tectonic Province Ensemble Consisting of Westcentral Himalaya to Northeast India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Second-Order Seismic Hazard Assessment
14.2.1 Smoothened Gridded Seismicity Model
14.2.2 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
14.3 Site Classification
14.3.1 Regional Site Classification
14.3.1.1 Geology
14.3.1.2 Geomorphology
14.3.1.3 Landform
14.4 Site Characterization
14.4.1 In-Situ Measurements
14.4.2 Surface Measurements
14.4.3 Generation of Site- and Lithology-Specific, Depth-Dependent Empirical Relations Between SPT-N and Vs
14.5 Site Amplification
14.5.1 Ground Motion Simulation
14.5.2 Site Response
14.6 Induced Hazards
14.6.1 Liquefaction
14.6.1.1 Factor of Safety Assessment
14.6.1.2 Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR)
14.6.1.3 Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)
14.6.1.4 Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI)
14.6.2 Landslides
14.6.2.1 Slope Stability Analysis
Analysis of 6th Mile Landslide
14.7 Urban Seismic Hazard Impact Assessment
14.7.1 Capacity and Fragility Curves
14.8 Structural Damage and Casualty Scenario for the City of Amristar, Agra, Kolkata, Dhaka, Gangtok and Guwahati
14.8.1 Damage Scenario
14.8.2 Human Casualty Scenario
14.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15 Geosynthetics in Retaining Walls Subjected to Seismic Shaking
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Shaking Table and Instrumentation
15.3 Model Studies on Retaining Walls
15.3.1 Wrap-Faced Walls
15.3.2 Rigid-Faced Retaining Walls
15.3.3 Segmental Retaining Walls
15.3.4 Geocell Retaining Walls
15.4 Conclusions
References
16 Studies on Modeling of Dynamic Compaction in a Geocentrifuge
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Scaling Considerations of DC
16.3 Design Details of Actuator
16.4 Salient Features of Developed Actuator
16.5 Test Procedure and Model Materials
16.6 Results and Discussion
16.6.1 Crater Profiles Induced by DC
16.6.2 Displacement Contours
16.6.3 Volumetric Soil Strains
16.6.4 Pore Water Pressure Developments
16.6.5 Ground Vibrations Associated with DC
16.7 Conclusions
References
17 A State of Art: Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction for Nuclear Power Plants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Background of Study
17.3 Objectives, Approach and Effects of SSI
17.4 Geological Background of Nuclear Power Plants in India
17.5 Review of Numerical Modeling of NPPs
17.6 Recent Advances in SSI
17.6.1 Modeling of Boundary
17.6.2 Nonlinearity of Soil
17.6.3 SSI in Liquefiable Soil
17.7 Software Package for NPP Modeling
17.7.1 SASSI
17.7.2 LS-DYNA
17.7.3 ABAQUS
17.8 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
18 Seismic Stability of Slopes Reinforced with Micropiles—A Numerical Study
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Problem Definition
18.3 Assumptions
18.4 Methodology
18.4.1 Seismic Accelerations
18.4.2 Stability Analysis with Vertical Micropiles
18.4.3 Stability Analysis with Inclined Micropiles
18.5 Results and Discussion
18.6 Comparison
18.7 Conclusions
References
19 Deformation Modulus Characteristics of Cyclically Loaded Granular Earth Bed for High-Speed Trains
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology
19.3 Materials and Preparation
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.5 Conclusions
References
20 Disturbance in Soil Structure Due to Post-cyclic Recompression
20.1 Background
20.2 Methodology
20.3 Results and Discussion
20.3.1 Post-Cyclic Recompression
20.3.2 Post-Cyclic Undrained Monotonic Strength
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Application of Soft Computing in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Liquefaction
21.3 Lateral Spreading
21.4 Ground Motion
21.5 Slope Stability
21.6 Other Fields of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 Resilient Behavior of Stabilized Reclaimed Bases
22.1 Introduction and Background
22.1.1 Current Design Aspects
22.2 Materials and Methods
22.2.1 Materials
22.2.2 Test Methods
22.2.3 Testing Program
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.3.1 Mr Studies
22.4 Design of Flexible Pavements with Stabilized Bases
22.5 Conclusions
References
23 Computing Seismic Displacements of Cantilever Retaining Wall Using Double Wedge Model
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Double Wedge Model for Sliding Displacements
23.3 Finite Element Model for Computing Rotational Displacements
23.4 Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Shear Key
23.5 Case Study: Shake Table Tests at the University of Bristol
23.6 Conclusion
References
24 Importance of Site-Specific Observations at Various Stages of Seismic Microzonation Practices
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Identification of Seismic Sources
24.3 Seismic Source Characterization
24.4 Declustering of EQ Catalogue
24.5 Effect of Input Motion Characteristics While Assessing Local Site Effect
24.6 Assessment of Liquefaction Potential
24.7 Conclusion
References
25 Influence of Bio- and Nano-materials on Dynamic Characterization of Soils
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Materials and Methods
25.2.1 Materials
25.2.2 Experimental Program
25.3 Results and Discussions
25.3.1 Effect of Biopolymer Treatment on Silty Sand
25.3.2 Effect of Nano-material on Soft Clay
25.4 Conclusions
References
26 Dynamic Characterization of Lunar Soil Simulant (LSS-ISAC-1) for Moonquake Analysis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Moonquakes
26.3 Geotechnical Properties of Lunar Soil Simulant
26.4 Dynamic Properties
26.4.1 Cyclic Triaxial Test
26.4.2 Bender Element Test
26.5 Results and Discussions
26.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
27 Dynamic Response of Monopile Supported Offshore Wind Turbine in Liquefied Soil
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Methodology
27.2.1 Numerical Model of OWT
27.2.2 Method of Analysis
27.3 Loads on OWT
27.3.1 Wind and Wave Load
27.3.2 Seismic Load
27.4 Parameters
27.5 Results and Discussion
27.5.1 Depth of Liquefaction
27.5.2 Responses of OWT
27.6 Concluding Remarks
References
28 Nonlinear Ground Response Analysis: A Case Study of Amingaon, North Guwahati, Assam
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Methodology of GRA
28.3 Study Area and Site Characterization
28.4 Strong Motion
28.5 Results and Discussions
28.6 Conclusions
References