Landslides: Detection, Prediction and Monitoring: Technological Developments

Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Modern Methods of Rock Mass Characterisation and Rockfall Monitoring: A Review
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Modern Methods
1.2.1 Geodetic Methods
1.2.2 Geophysical Methods
1.2.3 Geotechnical Methods
1.2.4 Remote Sensing Methods
1.2.5 Dating Methods
1.3 Data Storage and Processing
1.4 Complex Monitoring Systems
1.5 Concluding Remarks
References
2 Rock Mass Characterization and Rockfall Monitoring: Traditional Approaches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rock Properties and Monitored Variables
2.2.1 Rock Slope/Rock Mass Properties
2.2.2 External Variables/Factors Monitoring
2.3 Overview of Rock Slope Description and Monitoring Methods
2.3.1 Estimation of Rock Slope Properties Methods
2.3.2 Rockfall Events Dating Methods
2.3.3 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring Methods for Rock Slope Activity
2.3.4 External Variables/Factors Monitoring Methods
2.4 Measuring Quality of Results
2.4.1 Performance Characteristics
2.5 Traditional Methods of Rock Slope Monitoring
2.5.1 Expert Methods
2.5.2 Dating Methods
2.5.3 Geodetical Methods
2.5.4 Geotechnical Methods
2.6 Concluding Remarks
References
3 Criteria of the Prehistoric Rock Avalanches Identification and Discrimination
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Questionable Case Studies That Required Special Analysis
3.2.1 Identification of the Real Nature of The Strongly Eroded Debris Accumulations
3.2.2 Distant Position of Rock Avalanche Deposits from Its Source Zone
3.2.3 Moraine Material in Rock Avalanche Deposits
3.3 Natural Dams Sourced in the Tributary Valleys
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Stability Assessment of Markundi Hills Using Q-slope, SMR and Simulation Tools
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study Area
4.3 Methodology
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Geotechnical Investigation of Landslide in Ooty, India
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Description of Study Area
5.2.2 Field Investigation and Laboratory Testing
5.2.3 Limit Equilibrium Method
5.2.4 Numerical Analysis Using GeoStudio
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Geotechnical Characteristics of Soil
5.3.2 Numerical Model Analysis
5.3.3 Remedial Measures
5.4 Conclusions
References
6 Geomechanical and Kinematic Stability Analysis of Unstable Slopes (Near 9th km Stone) on Palani—Kodaikkanal Ghat Section in Tamil Nadu
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study Area
6.3 Methodology
6.3.1 Rock Analysis
6.3.2 Kinematic Analysis
6.3.3 Circular Failure Chart (CFC) Method
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.4.1 Geo-mechanical Analysis
6.4.2 Kinematic Analysis
6.4.3 CFC Analysis
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Geological and Geotechnical Studies of Nungkao Landslide Along Imphal-Jiribam National Highway, NH-37, Manipur, India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Methodology
7.3.1 Geotechnical Approach
7.3.2 Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Wedge Failure Safety Factor Calculation
7.4.2 Preventive Measures
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Stability Assessment of Lateritic Soil Slope Along NH-66, Ratnagiri Maharashtra, India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Geology of the Study Area
8.3 Materials and Method
8.4 Slope Stability Analysis
8.4.1 Stability Analysis of the Soil Slope
8.4.2 Limit Equilibrium Analysis
8.4.3 Finite Element Analysis
8.4.4 Analysis of Suggestive Preventive Measure
8.4.5 Post Mitigation Stability Analysis Using LEM
8.4.6 Post Mitigation Stability Analysis Using FEM
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Rockfall Hazard: A Comprehensive Review of Current Mitigation Practices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rockfall Kinematics and Mitigation
9.3 Rockfall Mitigation Measures
9.3.1 Active Measures
9.3.2 Passive Measures
9.4 Design Approaches
9.4.1 Analytical Approach
9.4.2 Experimental Approach
9.4.3 Numerical Approach
9.5 Design Guidelines and Design Considerations
9.5.1 Flexible Barriers
9.5.2 Embankment
9.5.3 Attenuator System
9.5.4 Rock Shed
9.6 Summary
References
10 Debris Flow Hazard in India: Current Status, Research Trends, and Emerging Challenges
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Composition
10.1.2 Causes of Debris Flow
10.1.3 Classification of Debris Flow
10.1.4 Characteristics of Debris Flow
10.2 Debris Flows in India
10.3 Triggering Factors for Debris Flow in India
10.3.1 Debris Flow Due to Rainfall
10.3.2 Debris Flow Due to Earthquake
10.3.3 Debris Flow Due to Landslides
10.3.4 Debris Flow in the Glacial Region
10.4 A Few Recent Debris Flow Events in India
10.4.1 Kotropi Debris Flow (2017)
10.4.2 Debris Flow Events During Kedarnath Disaster (2013)
10.4.3 Debris Flow Events in Kerala (2018)
10.4.4 Leh Ladakh Debris Flow Event (2010)
10.5 Debris Flow Studies in India
10.6 Scopes and Challenges for Debris Flow Modelling in India
10.6.1 Challenges
10.6.2 Scopes
10.7 Conclusions
References
11 Forewarning System for Rainfall-Induced Landslide—A Laboratory Prototype Model
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design and Development
11.3 Experiments
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Study and Instrumental Monitoring of Landslides at the “Russkie Gorki” Site in the Mzymta River Valley, Sochi Region, Russia
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area and Its Environment
12.3 General Geological and Tectonic Background of the Study Area
12.4 Engineering-Geological Conditions of the Landslide Site “Russkie Gorki”
12.5 Landslide on the Site “Russkie Gorki”
12.6 Instrumental Monitoring of Landsides at the “Russkie Gorki” Site
12.7 Results and Conclusion
References
13 Application of Scoops3D and GIS for Assessing Landslide Hazard in Trung Chai Commune, Sapa, Vietnam
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and Method
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2 Landslide Hazard Assessment using Scoops3D Model
13.2.3 Data Preparation
13.2.4 Model Validation
13.3 Results
13.4 Discussion
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Frequency Ratio Model in Turung Mamring, South District of Sikkim, India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Geological Setting
14.4 Data and Methodology
14.4.1 Landslide Inventory
14.4.2 Landslide Causative Factors
14.5 LSZ Mapping Using Frequency Ratio (FR) Method
14.6 Results and Discussion
14.6.1 LSZ Mapping Using FR Method
14.6.2 Validation of the Model
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Mapping of Annual Ground Displacement Using Remote Sensing Methods for Critical Slopes Along the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand, India
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Methodology
15.3.1 Sentinel Data
15.3.2 Using LISS IV Data
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Using Sentinel Data
15.4.2 Results Using LISS IV Data
15.4.3 Discussion and Comparison of Sentinel—LISS IV Data
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Landslides Inventory of Active Ramgarh Thrust Zone Through Image Processing and GIS Techniques in Sikkim, India
16.1 Introductions
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Conclusions
References
17 Landslide Susceptibility Zonation Mapping Using Frequency Ratio, Information Value Model, and Logistic Regression Model: A Case Study of Kohima District in Nagaland, India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area
17.3 Material and Models
17.3.1 Methodology
17.3.2 Modeling Approaches
17.4 Results
17.4.1 Frequency Ratio (FR) Model
17.4.2 Information Value Model (IVM)
17.4.3 Landslide Susceptibility Using Logistic Regression (LR)
17.4.4 Model Validation
17.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
18 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Technology for Slope Hazard Assessment, Monitoring, and Post Failure Management
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Slope Hazard Assessment
18.3 Slope Monitoring
18.4 Review of Disaster Management of Landslides with UAV
18.5 Discussion
18.6 Conclusion
References
19 Landslide Hazard Assessment Using Machine Learning and GIS
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Dataset and Its Preliminary Analysis
19.3 Selection of Machine Learning Models
19.3.1 Back-Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN)
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.5 Conclusions
References
20 Social and Economic Impacts of Kotropi Landslide on National Highways of Himalayas—A Case Study
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Region of Interest
20.2.1 Regional Setting
20.2.2 Rainfall Characteristics
20.3 Data Used
20.4 Methodology
20.5 Results
20.5.1 Landslide Morphology
20.5.2 Pre and Post Landslide LULC Changes
20.6 Effect of Kotropi Landslide on Socio-Economic and Communication Systems
20.7 Conclusion
References