Landscapes and Landforms of Norway

Preface
Reference
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Introduction to Landscapes and Landforms of Norway
1 Geomorphological Landscapes, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms in Norway
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geomorphological Earth Surface Processes and Resulting Landforms
1.3 Geomorphological Study Regions and Landscapes Presented in This Book
References
2 The Climate of Norway
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Solar Radiation
2.3 Temperature
2.4 Precipitation
2.5 Wind
2.6 Regional and Topoclimates
2.7 Expected Effects of Climate Change
References
Case Studies of Varied Landscapes, Geomorphological Processes and Landforms in Norway
3 Terminal Moraine Formation Processes and Geomorphology of Glacier Forelands at the Selected Outlet Glaciers of Jostedalsbreen, South Norway
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Natural Environment
3.2.1 Geology
3.2.2 Glaciology and Climate
3.3 Holocene Glacier Chronology
3.3.1 Early Holocene
3.3.2 Holocene Thermal Maximum and Late Holocene
3.3.3 ‘Little Ice Age’
3.4 Glacier Forelands at Jostedalsbreen and Their Landform Assemblages
3.4.1 Landform Assemblages
3.4.2 Moraines
3.4.3 Glaciofluvial Landforms and Sediments
3.5 Observations of Recent Moraine Formation
3.5.1 Recent Glacier Advance
3.5.2 Observations of Glacier Margins and Geomorphological Processes at Selected Outlets
3.5.3 Analysis and Comparative Interpretation of Recent Moraine Formation
3.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
4 Recent Glacier Changes and Formation of New Proglacial Lakes at the Jostedalsbreen Ice Cap in Southwest Norway
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Jostedalsbreen Ice Cap
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Jostedalsbreen Ice Cap
4.2.2 Climatic Setting
4.2.3 Holocene and Recent Glacier Fluctuations
4.2.4 Glacier Length Changes and Formation of New Proglacial Lakes
4.3 Data and Methods
4.3.1 Delineation of the 2017/2018 Glacier Area Outline
4.3.2 Compilation of the Proglacial Lake Inventory
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Recent Changes of the Spatial Glacier Area of the Jostedalsbreen Ice Cap and Examples of Newly Formed Proglacial Lakes
4.4.2 Proglacial Lake Characteristics and Types
4.4.3 Spatial Distribution of Proglacial Lakes
4.4.4 Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) /Jøkulhlaups
4.5 Discussion
4.5.1 Geomorphic Importance of Proglacial Lakes
4.5.2 Future Development of Proglacial Lakes and Possible Implications
4.6 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
5 Paraglacial Rock-Slope Failure Following Deglaciation in Western Norway
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Paraglacial Rock-Slope Adjustment: Overview
5.3 Setting and Landscape Development
5.4 RSFs in Western Norway: Processes and Spatial Distribution
5.4.1 Mechanisms of Rock-Slope Failure
5.4.2 Slope-Scale Distribution of RSF Activity
5.4.3 Regional-Scale Distribution of RSF Activity
5.5 Temporal Pattern of RSF Activity
5.5.1 Timing of Prehistoric RSF Activity
5.5.2 Timing of Historic RSF Activity
5.5.3 Causes and Triggers of Rock-Slope Failure: Synthesis
5.6 Modelling RSF Frequency Through Time
5.7 Future Research
5.8 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
6 The Snow-Avalanche Impact Landforms of Vestlandet, Southern Norway
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification and Terminology of Snow-Avalanche Impact Landforms
6.3 Morphology and Sedimentology of Snow-Avalanche Impact Landforms
6.4 Characteristics of the Snow-Avalanche Paths
6.5 Snow-Avalanche Impact Processes: The Dynamics of Erosion and Deposition
6.6 Distribution and Environmental Controls on Snow-Avalanche Impact Landforms
6.7 Dating of Snow-Avalanche Impact Landforms: Age and Activity
6.8 Magnitude and Frequency of Snow-Avalanche Impacts in Landform Development
6.9 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
7 Fluvial Processes and Contemporary Fluvial Denudation in Different Mountain Landscapes in Western and Central Norway
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Mountainous Fjord Landscape in Western Norway
7.3 The Mountain Landscape South of the Trondheim Fjord in Central Norway
7.4 Fluvial Processes and Denudation in Partly Glacierized Drainage Basins in Western Norway
7.4.1 Fieldwork and Methods
7.4.2 Contemporary Fluvial Processes and Denudation Rates
7.5 Fluvial Processes and Denudation in the Non-glacierized Drainage Basins in Central Norway
7.5.1 Fieldwork and Methods
7.5.2 Contemporary Fluvial Processes and Denudation Rates
7.6 Chemical and Mechanical Fluvial Denudation in Mainland Norway
7.7 Summary and Prospect
References
8 Periglacial Landforms in Jotunheimen, Central Southern Norway, and Their Altitudinal Distribution
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Natural Environment
8.2.1 Geology and Gross Morphology
8.2.2 Climate and Current Permafrost
8.3 Palaeoclimate
8.3.1 Deglaciation and Holocene Glacier Chronology
8.3.2 Holocene Development of Permafrost
8.4 Periglacial Landforms in Jotunheimen
8.4.1 Patterned Ground
8.4.2 Blockfields
8.4.3 Ice-Cored Moraines
8.4.4 Rock Glaciers, Solifluction, and Other Periglacial Landforms
8.5 Altitudinal Distribution and Vertical Zonation of Periglacial Landforms
8.6 Summary
References
9 Characterization of Scree Slopes in the Rondane Mountains (South-Central Norway)
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 A Dry Periglacial High Quartzite Mountain
9.2.1 A High Mountain
9.2.2 A Quartzite Mountain
9.2.3 A Dry Periglacial Mountain
9.2.3.1 Thermal Data at the Base of the Massif
9.2.3.2 Precipitation
9.2.4 The Zonation of Landforms Along the Slopes
9.2.4.1 Current Climate Zonations and Fundamental Isolines
9.2.4.2 The Zonation of Relicts
9.3 The Morphological Properties of the Slopes and the Conditions Governing the Scree Processes in the Quartzites
9.3.1 Outer Slopes and Inner Slopes
9.3.2 Inner Slope Properties: Free Faces and Scree Processes
9.3.2.1 The Morphology of the Free Faces
9.3.2.2 The Frost Susceptibility of Quartzites and Frost Shattering of Free Faces
9.3.2.3 Scree Processes in Quartzites
9.3.3 The Inner Slopes: Type A Slopes and Type B Slopes
9.3.4 Type A and Type B Slopes and Their Associated Scree Slopes
9.3.4.1 Type A Slopes and Their Types of Scree Slope
9.3.4.2 Type B Slopes
9.4 The General Properties of Scree Slopes in the Rondane Mountains
9.4.1 Study Sites and Choice of Transects
9.4.2 The Morphometric Properties of the Scree Slopes
9.4.2.1 Primitive Talus Slopes (G18, G4, G6)
9.4.2.2 Primitive Scree Cones (G13 and G5)
9.4.2.3 Composite Scree Cones (G3 and G17)
9.4.2.4 Developed Talus Slopes (G14, G15, and G1)
9.4.3 The Sedimentological Characteristics of Scree Slopes
9.4.3.1 Coarse-Grained Scree
9.4.3.2 Differences in Material Size Depending Upon Scree Slope Type (Fig. 9.17)
9.4.3.3 Differences in Sorting
9.5 Summary and Conclusion. The Genetic Relationship Between Types of Scree Slope
Acknowledgements
References
10 Morphological Description of Erosional and Depositional Landforms Formed by Debris Flow Processes in Mainland Norway
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Terminology and Preconditions for Debris Flows
10.3 Debris Flows in Norway Since the Last Deglaciation
10.4 Schematic Morphological Description of Debris Flows
10.5 General Types of Debris Flows in Norway and Their Geomorphological Traits
10.6 Open-Slope or Hillslope Debris Flows (A)
10.6.1 Channel-Forming Debris Flows (A1)
10.6.2 Widening Debris Flows (A2)
10.6.3 High-Viscosity Debris Flows (A3)
10.7 Fluvial Channel-Dependent Debris Flows (B)
10.8 Debris Flow Fans–Composite Landforms of Different Viscosity Flows (C)
10.9 Multi-process Debris Flow Fans (D)
10.10 Summary
References
The Status and Value of Geomorphological Heritage in Norway
11 Landforms and Geomorphosite Designation on Mount Gausta (Telemark)
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The General Geomorphological Properties of the Study Area
11.2.1 A Freestanding High Mountain in Southern Norway
11.2.1.1 Relief Culminating in a Pyramid
11.2.1.2 An Open Mountain
11.2.1.3 Vertically Zoned Relief
11.2.2 A Typical Example of a Quartzite Mountain
11.2.2.1 The Structural Context
11.2.2.2 A Resistant Monadnock
11.2.2.3 The Vestiges of Appalachian-Type Relief
11.2.3 A Periglacial Mountain
11.2.3.1 Vegetation Tiering
11.2.3.2 Climate Data
11.2.3.3 Frost and the Conditions Governing Current Morphogenesis
11.2.3.4 The Problem of the Upper Limits of Weichselian Ice Cover
11.3 The Major Geomorphological Components and Geomorphotypes
11.3.1 The Fjell
11.3.1.1 The Surface of the Fjell
11.3.1.2 Intermediary Residual Chains
11.3.2 Gaustaråen Plateau
11.3.2.1 The Mainly Glacial Forms of the Gaustaråen Slopes
11.3.2.2 The Gaustaråen Blockfield
11.3.3 The Gaustatoppen Pyramid
11.3.3.1 The Top and the Divide Slopes
11.3.3.2 Gullies and Their Related Landforms
11.3.4 The Rjukan Valley (Vestfjorddalen)
11.3.4.1 The Overall Shape and Landforms
11.3.4.2 The Slopes
11.4 The Geomorphosites and Observation Stations
11.4.1 Selection Methods
11.4.1.1 Geomorphosite Selection
11.4.1.2 Observation Station Selection
11.4.2 Proposed Geomorphosites (Figs. 11.19 and 11.20)
11.4.2.1 On the Fjell
11.4.2.2 Along the Gaustaråen Plateau
11.4.2.3 On the Gaustatoppen Pyramid
11.4.2.4 In Vestfjorddalen
11.5 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Selection of Geomorphosites in the Dovrefjell National Park (Central Norway)
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Study Area
12.2.1 Location of the Massif
12.2.2 Description
12.3 Main Geomorphological Properties of the Massif
12.3.1 A Quartzitic Mountain
12.3.2 Mountainous Belts
12.3.3 Prevalence of Inherited/Functional Features
12.3.3.1 Pre-quaternary Heritage (“Paleïc Heritage”)
12.3.3.2 Glacial Heritage
12.3.3.3 Periglacial Heritage
12.3.3.4 Paraglacial Heritage
12.3.3.5 Current Geomorphic Processes
12.4 Selection of Geomorphosites to Promote Geomorphology of Dovrefjell
12.4.1 First Stage (Analysis Stage, Deductive Method)
12.4.1.1 Description
12.4.1.2 Results
12.4.2 Second Stage (Selective Stage, Selective Method)
12.4.2.1 Description
12.4.2.2 Results
12.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Index