Land Tenure Challenges in Africa: Confronting the Land Governance Deficit

Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Land Governance in Africa: The New Policy Reform Agenda
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background to Land Reform in Africa
1.3 Land Policy Reform Debates in Africa
1.3.1 The Conservation School of Thought
1.3.2 The Replacement School of Thought
1.3.3 World Bank Views on Land
1.3.4 Hybrid School of Thought
1.3.5 The Influence of Land Theories on Land Policy
1.3.6 Rationale for Land Reform
1.3.7 Types of Land Reforms
1.4 The Land Policy Reform Agenda in Africa During the 1990s
1.4.1 The Formalisation Agenda
1.4.2 From “Formalisation” to “Documentation” of Land Rights
1.5 The New Land Policy Reform Agenda in Africa
1.5.1 Drivers of the Land Governance Agenda
1.5.2 The Role of the African Union
1.5.3 Decentralisation of Land Administration
1.5.4 Building Institutional Capacity
1.5.5 Consolidation of Control by the State
1.6 Conclusion
References
Part I Land Governance and Land Tenure Reforms in Africa
2 What Can South Africa Learn from Other African Countries in Respect of Upgrading Customary Systems of Land Tenure?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 South Africa
2.3 Mozambique
2.4 Kenya
2.5 Ghana
2.6 Some Conclusions
References
3 Land Governance and Land Reform in Southern Africa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Land Governance Framework
3.3 Land Reforms in Southern Africa
3.3.1 Land Reform in Botswana
3.3.2 Land Reform in Eswatini
3.3.3 Land Reform in Lesotho
3.3.4 Land Reform in Malawi
3.3.5 Land Reform in Namibia
3.3.6 Land Reform in South Africa
3.3.7 Land Reform in Zambia
3.3.8 Land Reform in Zimbabwe
3.4 Assessment of Performance
3.4.1 Assessing Equity
3.4.2 Assessing Efficiency and Effectiveness
3.4.3 Assessing Transparency
3.4.4 Assessing Autonomy
3.4.5 Assessing Access
3.4.6 Assessing Participation
3.4.7 Assessing the Rule of Law
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Land Governance as a Restitutive Mechanism for Asserting Ownership and Tenure Rights in Postcolonial Contexts: Insights from Namibia and Ghana
4.1 Introduction: Land Governance Definitions and Concepts
4.2 Land Governance in Namibia and Ghana
4.3 Land Governance in Namibia
4.3.1 Historical and Postcolonial Contexts
4.3.2 Land Ownership and Tenure
4.3.3 Actors, Interests and Resources
4.3.4 Processes and Outcomes
4.3.5 Land Governance as a Restitutive Mechanism
4.4 Land Governance in Ghana
4.4.1 Historical and Postcolonial Contexts
4.4.2 Land Ownership and Tenure
4.4.3 Actors, Interests and Resources
4.4.4 Processes and Outcomes
4.4.5 Land Governance as a Restitutive Mechanism
4.5 Syntheses and Observations
4.6 Implications and Conclusions
References
5 Land Reform in South Africa: The Politics of Expropriation Without Compensation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Land Reform in Post-apartheid South Africa and its Discontents
5.3 The Politics of Land in Post-apartheid South Africa
5.4 Expropriation Without Compensation Becomes a Key Focus in Land Debates
5.5 Constitutional Provisions for Expropriation of Property
5.6 Simple Solutions to Complex Problems?
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Land Governance in the DR Congo: Ending the Deadlock and the Need for Tenure Reforms
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background on Land Administration in the DR Congo
6.3 An Analysis of the Administrative Landscape in the DRC
6.4 Legal Pluralism as a Political Strategy to Control Land
6.5 The Implications of the Complex Legal Framework on Land Access in the RD Congo
6.6 Current Efforts to Address the Impasse
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Rethinking Land Use After Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe: A Clustering Approach
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.3 Chapter Outline
7.4 The Cluster Model
7.5 Clusters Among Settler Farmers
7.5.1 Tobacco Cluster After Fast Track Land Reform Programme
7.6 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cluster Approach
7.6.1 Enforcing Conservation Best Practices: The Role of Farming Cluster
7.6.2 Land Degradation and Farm Management Practices
7.6.3 Environmental Effects of Contract Farming
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Theories Guiding Land Reforms Aimed at Promoting Tenure Security: A Comparative Analysis of Zambia and Ethiopia
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Comparative Approach
8.3 The Theories Guiding the Land Reform Programmes
8.3.1 The Evolutionary Theory
8.3.2 The Systematic Titling Theory
8.3.3 The Conservative Theory
8.3.4 The Democratic Adaptation Theory
8.3.5 The Hybrid Adaptation Theory
8.3.6 The Incremental Approaches
8.3.7 The Collective Replacement Theory
8.4 Land Reforms Promoting Tenure Security in Zambia
8.4.1 Land Reforms During Pre-colonial Period
8.4.2 Land Reforms During Colonial Period
8.4.3 Land Reforms After Independence
8.4.4 Land Reforms During the First and Second Republic
8.4.5 Land Reforms Under the Multi-Party Regime
8.4.6 Land Reforms Under the Current Government Era
8.4.7 Reflection of the Theories in the Step by Step Process of Land Reform in Zambia
8.5 Ethiopia’s Land Reform Structure
8.5.1 Land Reforms During the Imperial Regime
8.5.2 The Different Approach to Land Reforms Under the Derg Regime
8.5.3 Current and Ongoing Land Reforms (Land Certification Program)
8.5.4 Reflection of the Theories in the Land Reform Processes in Ethiopia
8.6 Drawing Lessons Learnt and Best Practices from Both Countries
8.7 Concluding Thoughts
References
Part II Land Tenure Struggles in Africa
9 Land Tenure in Morocco: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Historical Roots of Contemporary Land Tenure Issues
9.3 Land Tenure Pluralism in Morocco
9.4 French Colonial Policies—Aims and Impacts
9.5 Post-Independence Land Tenure Policy
9.6 Case 1: Soulaliyates and Peri-Urban Land
9.7 Case 2: Pastoral Lands
9.8 Case 3: Irrigated Zones
9.9 Conclusion
References
10 Land Tenure and Public Infrastructure: Airport Building in Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical Framework and Methodology
10.3 Historical Roots of the Conflicts
10.3.1 Bouaké International Airport: The Apple of Discord
10.3.2 Keur Moussa—Eviction and the Actors
10.3.3 The Authority of the Blaise Diagne International Airport
10.4 Arm Wrestling: The Visible and Invisible Parts of the Icebergs
10.4.1 Bouaké: Allokokro and the Ivorian State
10.4.2 Keur Moussa: The Region and the Grassroots Actors
10.5 Concluding Remarks
References
11 A Review of State-Based Land Tenure: A Special Reference to Land Rights and Access to Rural Finance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Debates on Tenure Issues: An Overview
11.2.1 Land Tenure in Context
11.2.2 Evolving Land Tenure Systems in Zimbabwe—An Overview
11.3 Data and Methods
11.4 Findings and Discussion
11.4.1 Security of Tenure on Land Reform Farms
11.4.2 Tenure Security for Smallholders—Women
11.5 Land Tenure and Access to Rural Finance
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 A Socio-legal Analysis of the Complexity of Litigating Ancestral Land Rights
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Framing the Problem
12.3 What Laws and Whose Laws
12.4 Notions of Community
12.5 Implementation and Discourses of Development
12.6 Role of the State and NGOs
12.7 Discussion and Conclusion
References
13 “We Want Our Land Back…..’’ A Socio-legal Analysis of the Etosha Ancestral Land Claim
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Politics of Ancestral Land Claims in Namibia
13.3 The Etosha Ancestral Land Claim Case
13.3.1 A Brief History of the Claim
13.4 Haiǁom Community: Synergies and Disagreements
13.4.1 The Applicants5
13.4.2 The TA and the Chief13
13.5 The Pre-trial Phase
13.6 The Etosha Court Case and Its Aftermath
13.7 Discussion and Conclusion
References
14 The Complexities of Securing Land Rights for Minorities in Africa: The Case of the Mbororo Land Rights in the Northwest Region of Cameroon
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 The Concept of Minority
14.2 Minority Land Rights in Africa
14.2.1 Minorities Land Rights Legitimacy in Africa
14.3 Challenges of Securing Land Rights for the Minority in Africa
14.3.1 Absence of Policies Backing Land Rights for Minorities
14.4 Complexities of Minorities Land Rights in Cameroon: The Case of the Mbororos
14.4.1 Background to the Mbororo Land Rights
14.5 The Mbororo’s Struggles for Land Rights
14.6 Factors Contributing to the Complexities of Mbororo Land Rights
14.6.1 The Indigenous Status of the Mbororo
14.6.2 Challenging the Mbororo ILO Indigenous Peoples’ Status
14.6.3 Difficulties in Obtaining a Land Certificate
14.6.4 Role of Human Rights NGOs in Minorities Land Rights
14.7 The State and Minority Rights
14.7.1 Legitimacy
14.8 Conclusion
References
15 Legitimisation of Land Wars as a Form of Organised Crime: A Review of Extant Literature
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Unpacking the Concept of Organised Crime
15.2.1 Theoretical Perspectives
15.2.2 Patron-Client Theory
15.2.3 Enterprise Theory
15.3 Land Wars
15.3.1 Causes of Land Wars
15.3.2 Legitimisation of Land Wars
15.4 Land War Typologies in Sub-Saharan Africa
15.5 Agrarian Reform and Land Wars
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Land Tenure Challenges in Africa: Current and Emerging Issues
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Key Current Land Issues
16.2.1 Importance of Effective Land Governance
16.2.2 Vulnerable Groups Are the Most Affected from Weak Land Governance
16.2.3 The Need to Democratise Land Governance
16.2.4 Redressing Land Inequalities Through Effective Governance
16.2.5 Political Rhetoric Distracts from the Real Land Tenure Issues
16.2.6 Poor Land Administration Increases Tenure Insecurity
16.2.7 Encouraging Productive and Sustainable Use of Land
16.2.8 Evaluating the Role of Land Reform Policies in Securing Land Tenure
16.3 Emerging Land Tenure Issues
16.3.1 The Role of the State
16.3.2 The Land Governance Agenda
16.3.3 The Hybrid Model
16.3.4 Struggles for Land Tenure Rights
16.4 Conclusion
References