This edited book covers all aspects of forest deforestation and degradation in detail and their link to land degradation. Poor natural resource management is often a contributory factor in the depletion of resources particularly like degradation of land which hinders the goals to achieve land degradation neutrality (LDN). Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 15.3 states: “By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought, and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.” To achieve the set goals a comprehensive multidirectional approach is required involving policymakers, field functionaries, researchers, and above all educators. The book compiles the field experiences and wisdom of some of the best researchers and authors working in the field of land degradations for quite a long time. The objective of the book is to disseminate the status of land degradation, the importance of achieving land degradation and share success stories of reclaiming Land degradation, and suggests means and ways of achieving land degradation neutrality. This book act as a repository of knowledge on Land degradation neutrality for students, researchers and practitioners, and policy planners.
Author(s): Pankaj Panwar, Gopal Shukla, Jahangeer A. Bhat, Sumit Chakravarty
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 454
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Forest Resources of the World: Present Status and Future Prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Global Forest Resources: Current Status and Trends of World´s Forests
1.3 Global Forest Goals and Targets (GFGT): Perspective Future Scenarios for Forest Management
1.4 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forests and Forest Resources
1.5 Major Threats to the Global Forest Resources
1.6 Forest Governance and Conservation Strategies
1.7 Recommendations for Sustainability in Forest Resource
1.8 Conclusion
References
Untitled
2: Effect of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation on Ecosystem Services
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Forest: A Global Context
2.3 Forest Ecosystem Services
2.4 Forest Fragmentation in the Tropics
2.5 Deforestation: Global Overviews
2.6 Deforestation Impacts on Ecosystem Services
2.7 Managing Forest to Intensify Ecosystem Services
2.8 Policies and Future Roadmap
2.9 Conclusion
References
3: Impact of Deforestation on Faunal Diversity and Its Management Strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Deforestation: A World Scenario
3.3 Faunal Diversity in Tropical Forest
3.4 Environmental Services Through Faunal Diversity
3.5 Forest and Fauna: An Intrinsic Relationship
3.6 Deforestation Impacts on Faunal Biodiversity
3.7 Forest Management for Faunal Ecological Services
3.8 Policies and Future Thrust
3.9 Conclusion
References
4: Drivers of Deforestation, Forest Degradation, and Management Responses in Ghana
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Parochial Interests with Little or No Consideration of Ecosystem Value
4.3.2 Limited Participatory Avenues in the Economy
4.3.3 Trade and Dependency Syndrome with ``Market Failure´´
4.3.4 Dearth of Knowledge (Data and Information)
4.3.5 Culture
4.4 Drivers of Sustainable Land Management Responses
4.4.1 International Initiatives with Voluntary Compliance
4.4.2 Public Opinion
4.4.3 Culture
4.4.4 Direct Government Participation
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Forest Degradation in Nigeria: Case Study of Rugu Forest Reserve, Katsina State
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Materials and Methods
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
5.5 Nature and Composition of the Rugu Forest
5.6 Forest Degradation of the Rugu Forest Reserve
5.6.1 Fuelwood Collection
5.6.2 Encroachment for Farming Activities
5.6.3 Insecurity Facing the LGA
5.6.4 Inadequate Protection and Conservation
5.6.5 Declaring the Forest Reserve as a Grazing Reserve
5.7 Measures Adopted to Improve the Forest Reserve
5.8 Recommendations
5.9 Conclusion
References
6: Deforestation and Degradation in the Mangrove Ecosystem: Implication on Environment and Livelihoods
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Deforestation and Degradation in the Mangrove Ecosystem
6.2.1 Mangrove Deforestation Through Human Influence
6.2.1.1 Aquaculture
6.2.1.2 Urban Development and Expansion
6.2.1.3 Agriculture
6.2.1.4 Wood Products and Building Material
6.2.1.5 Other Drivers of Mangrove Deforestation and Degradation
6.2.2 Mangrove Degradation Due to Climate Change
6.2.3 Mangrove Degradation Through Natural Disasters
6.3 Implication on Environment and Livelihoods/Treats and Environmental Impacts
6.4 Conclusion
References
Untitled
7: Assessing Land Degradation Using SDG 15.3.1 Indicators: Case Study from Climate-Vulnerable Assam State of India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Site
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 About Data
7.3.2 Methodology
7.3.2.1 Workflow
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Benefit and Risk Analysis of a Novel Nomadic Practice in Northeast China
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Site Description, Data Acquisition, and Interviewing Methods
8.2.1 Study Site Description
8.2.2 Questionnaire Survey and In-Depth Interview Data
8.2.3 Estimation of Economic, Social, and Ecological-Environmental Benefits
8.2.4 Advantage of Novel Nomadism Compared With Other Straw Utilization Methods
8.2.5 Data Analysis
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Characteristics of Novel Nomadism
8.3.2 Nomadic Data Statistics from Interviews
8.3.3 Temporal Changes of Nomadic Practices and Associations With Climates and Pasture Productivity
8.3.4 Novel Nomadic Benefits: Economic, Social, and Environmental-Ecological Distribution
8.3.5 RDA Ordination: Factors Responsible for Interfamily Variations
8.3.6 Risk and Difficulties for Herdsmen Nomadism
8.4 Discussion
8.4.1 Novel Nomadism: A More Efficient, Down-to-Top Volunteered Way for Straw Waste Utilization
8.4.2 Driven by Drought Climates With More Than Sixfold Higher Total Benefits Than Herdsmen´s Incomes
8.4.3 Risk Control Suggestions
8.4.4 Implications
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: Soil Degradation: Causes, Consequences, and Analytical Tools
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Soil as a Resource: Conceptualization Under the Circular Economy Principles
9.3 Soil in the Context of Circular Economy
9.3.1 Factors of Degradation: Conceptualization under the Circular Economy Principles
9.3.1.1 Soil Chemical Pollution and Impacts on Soil Organisms
9.3.1.2 Impacts of Microplastics
9.3.1.3 Impacts of Mining Operations
9.3.2 Understanding Dynamics of Land Degradation Due to Chemicals
9.3.3 Analytical Tools for Land Degradation Assessment
9.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis
9.5 Multicriteria Analysis
9.6 Land Degradation and Environmental Economic Accounting
9.7 Environmental Valuation and Land Degradation
9.8 Environment Management Tools and Other Models for Land Degradation Analysis
9.9 Other Approaches to Reduce Land Degradation: Operating Within Biophysical Realities
9.9.1 Indigenous Approaches
9.9.2 Land Use Planning Within Biophysical Constraints
9.10 Global Frameworks and Applications
9.11 Conclusions
References
10: Accountability of Woody Plants for Restoring Degraded Forest Landscapes and Provision for Ecosystem Services: An Overview
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Global Forest Cover and Ecosystem Services Provided by Woody Plants from Forest Landscapes
10.2.1 Status and Recent Trends in Forest Area
10.2.2 Status and Current Trends of Forest Degradation
10.3 Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services: A Paradigm for Restoring Degraded Forest Landscape
10.3.1 Methods for the Quantification of Forest Ecosystem Goods and Services
10.4 Accounting Forest Ecosystem Services in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
10.5 Multifunctionality of Forest Ecosystems for Conservation and Management of Ecosystem Services
10.6 Conclusion
References
11: Ecological Restoration of Degraded Forests for Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality
11.1 Introduction: Ecosystem and Land Degradation Causes and Consequences
11.2 Land Degradation Neutrality and Forests
11.3 Forest Restoration for Achieving LDN
11.4 Approaches to Restoring Degraded Forests
11.4.1 Natural Regeneration
11.4.2 Reforestation and Afforestation
11.4.3 Enrichment Planting
11.4.4 Agroforestry
11.4.5 Conservation and Protected Areas
11.4.6 Protection of Wildlife Corridors
11.4.7 Invasive Species Management
11.4.8 Forest Management
11.4.9 Landscape Considerations for Effective Forest Restoration
11.5 UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030 and Funding to Support Restoration
References
12: Tree Plantation: A Silver Bullet to Achieve Carbon Neutrality?
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plantations: An Overview
12.3 Tree Plantations and Carbon Sequestration
12.4 Effects of Management Practices on Carbon Sequestration
12.4.1 Species Planted
12.4.2 Spacing
12.4.3 Site Preparation
12.4.4 Age
12.4.5 Rotation Length
12.4.6 Thinning Intensity
12.4.7 Fate of the Products
12.5 Caveats in Tree Planting
12.5.1 Inappropriate Land Selection
12.5.2 Loss of Diversity
12.5.3 Potential Invasion
12.5.4 Species Incompatibility
12.5.5 Disruption of the Hydrological Balance
12.5.6 Soil Nutrient Depletion
12.5.7 Lack of Maintenance and Monitoring
12.5.8 Sociocultural Conflicts
12.5.9 Ecological Uncertainties
12.6 Future Directions
12.6.1 Setting Realistic Targets as per Land Availability
12.6.2 Appropriate Species Choice
12.6.3 Risk Assessments
12.6.4 Ecological Monitoring
12.6.5 Encouraging Community Participation
12.6.6 Integrative Approach from Collaborative Research
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Role of Protected Area in Conservation and Sustainable Management of Biodiversity: An Indian Perspective
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Category Ia (Strict Nature Reserve, SNR)
13.1.2 Category Ib (Wilderness Area)
13.1.3 Category II (National Park)
13.1.4 Category III (Natural Monument)
13.1.5 Category IV (Habitat/Species Management)
13.1.6 Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
13.1.7 Category VI (PA with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources)
13.2 Protected Area Network (PAN) of India and Its Present Status
13.3 Roles of PAS in the Conservation of Biodiversity
13.4 Problems in Protected Area Network (PAN) of India
13.5 Protected Area Management and Maintenance in India
13.5.1 Forest Act 1927
13.5.2 Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (WLPA) and Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2006
13.5.3 Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
13.5.4 Environment Protection Act 1986
13.5.5 National Forest Policy 1988
13.5.6 National Biodiversity Act 2002
13.5.7 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006
13.6 Community Conservation Efforts Outside the Protected Area Network (PAN)
13.7 Land Degradation Neutrality
13.8 Future Research Prospects
13.9 Conclusions
References
14: Structure, Pattern, and Composition of Riparian Vegetation in North-western Himalayas, India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Topography and Climate
14.4 Geology and Soils
14.5 Sampling Strategy
14.6 Results
14.6.1 Floristic Composition and Analysis
14.6.2 Forest Types
14.6.2.1 Subtype 9/C1: Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forest
14.6.2.2 Subtype 10/C1a: Dalbergia-Melia Scrub Forest
14.6.2.3 Subtype 12/C1a: Ban Oak Forest
14.6.2.4 Subtype 12/C1b: Moru Oak Forest
14.6.2.5 Subtype 12/C1c: Moist Deodar Forest
14.6.2.6 Subtype 12/C2: Upper West Himalayan Temperate Forest
14.6.2.7 Subtype 12/1S1: Alder Forest
14.6.2.8 Subtype 12/1S2: Riverine Blue Pine Forest
14.6.2.9 Subtype 12/2S1: Low-Level Bblue Pine Forest
14.6.2.10 Type 13/C4: West Himalayan High-Level Dry Blue Pine Forest
14.6.3 Species Composition and Richness
14.6.4 Raunkiaer´s Frequency and Vegetation Distribution
14.6.5 Distribution of Vegetation
14.6.6 Community Structure and Ecological Dominance of Vegetation
14.6.7 Major Tree Associations and Extent of Similarity (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis)
14.6.8 The Upland Forests (Left Bank)
14.6.9 Riparian Forests
14.6.10 The Upland Forests (Right Bank)
14.7 Conclusion
References
Untitled
15: Land Degradation Neutrality in Coastal India: Case of Mobius´ Strip Linking Pedodiversity and Biodiversity
15.1 Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)
15.2 Achieving LDN
15.3 Soil Diversity
15.3.1 Soil Diversity in Coastal India: Konkan, Maharashtra
15.3.2 Soil Diversity: Its Quantification
15.3.2.1 Taxon Richness
15.3.2.2 Shannon Diversity
15.4 Konkan Biodiversity
15.4.1 Habitat Diversity
15.4.1.1 Mangrove Forests
15.4.1.2 Beach Forests
15.4.1.3 Coastal Plantations
15.4.1.4 Agro-Biodiversity
15.4.1.5 Floral and Faunal Biodiversity
15.5 Linking Pedodiversity and Biodiversity: A Mobius´ Strip
15.5.1 Soil Diversity and Pedodiversity
15.5.2 Soil Diversity and Biodiversity
15.6 LDN and Maintenance of Biodiversity and Pedodiversity
References
16: Role of REDD+ in Reducing Land Degradation and Achieving SDGs
16.1 Introduction
16.2 REDD+
16.3 REDD+ and SDG
16.4 Challenges and Recommendations
16.5 Conclusion
References
17: Carbon Sequestration Acts as a Moderator for Soil Restoration of Degraded Coal Mined Lands: An Overview
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Mining Activities in India
17.1.2 Reclamation of Mined Lands
17.1.3 Properties of Mine Soils
17.2 Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration
17.3 SOC Accumulation in Mine Soils
17.4 Stabilization of SOC in Reclaimed Mine Soil
17.4.1 Factors Affecting the Development of SOC in Coal Mine Spoils
17.4.1.1 Vegetation Type
17.4.1.2 Root Biomass
17.4.1.3 Microbial Biomass
17.4.1.4 Litter Carbon
17.5 Management Activities to Enhance SOC Sequestration
17.5.1 Sewage Sludge or Biosolids
17.5.2 Organic Manure and Mulching
17.5.3 Biochar
17.5.4 Industrial Combustion By-Products
17.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
18: Nature Conservation Effects on Forest Carbon Sequestration, Biodiversity of Plants, and Macrofungi: A Case Study in Centra...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Experimental Design, Field Investigation and Data Collection
18.2.2 Species Diversity
18.2.3 Structural Traits
18.2.4 Dominant Species Abundance
18.2.5 Macrofungal Survey for Taxonomic and Functional Group
18.2.6 Aboveground Carbon Storage and Its Stability
18.3 Plant Species
18.3.1 Species Abundance
18.3.2 Plant Structural Characteristics
18.3.3 Plant Diversity Traits
18.4 Macrofungi Species
18.5 Carbon Stock and Stability
18.5.1 Carbon Sink Function Differences
18.5.2 Association Decoupling
18.6 Conclusion
References
19: Urban Forest Resources: A Strategy for Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Urban Forest Resources
19.3 Multifunction of Urban Forestry
19.4 Ecosystem Service of Urban Forest
19.4.1 Water Conservation and Runoff Reduction
19.4.2 Air Quality in Urban Area
19.4.3 Carbon Reduction by Urban Trees
19.4.4 Trees and Energy Conservation
19.4.5 Maintaining and Enhancing Wildlife Habitats and Corridors
19.4.6 Urban Forest Cover and Climate Change
19.4.7 Tree and Sustainable Cities
19.5 Impact of Deforestation on Urban Forest Cover
19.5.1 Factors Affecting Urban Vegetation Development
19.6 Prospects of Urban Forestry and Development
19.7 Management Aspects
19.8 Research and Development of Urban Forest Resources
19.9 Policies and Legal Framework
19.10 Future Thrust
19.11 Conclusion
References
20: Soil Nitrogen Dynamics and Management in Agroforestry Systems for Ecological Sustainability
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nutrient Cycling in Tree-Based Ecosystems
20.2.1 Geochemical Nutrient Cycling
20.2.1.1 Inputs Under Geochemical Nutrient Cycle
20.2.1.2 Outputs (Losses) Under Geochemical Nutrient Cycle
20.2.2 Biological Nutrient Cycling
20.3 Nitrogen Cycling in Agroforestry
20.4 Nitrogen Management in Agroforestry
20.4.1 Nitrogen Management Under Non-N-Fixing Trees-Based Agroforestry
20.4.2 Management under N-Fixing Trees-Based Agroforestry Systems
20.4.3 Sustainable Practices for N Management in Agroforestry Under Problematic Soils
20.5 Conclusion
References
21: Land Degradation Neutrality for Achieving Climate Resilience in Agriculture
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 The Concepts and Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality
21.1.2 The Concepts and Framework for Climate Resilience
21.2 LDN for Climate Resilience
21.3 Soil Organic Carbon for LDN and Climate Resilience
21.4 Smart Agriculture for LDN and Climate Resilience
21.5 LDN Toward SDGs
21.6 SWOTs of LDN
21.6.1 Strength
21.6.2 Weakness
21.6.3 Opportunities
21.6.4 Threats
21.7 Conclusion
References
22: NTFP and Homegarden vis-à-vis Land Degradation Neutrality: Sustainable Livelihood and Development
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Land Degradation Neutrality
22.2.1 Soil Loss and Land Degradation
22.3 LDN for Sustainable Future: Land Use and Improvement
22.3.1 Drivers of Land Degradation
22.4 Capacity Building and Empowering Through Participation
22.5 Carbon Stock in Homegardens
22.6 Conclusion
References
23: Indian Forests: Sustainable Uses and its Role in Livelihood Security
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Indian Forests and Forest Cover Change
23.3 Climate Change Impacts on Forests and Its Role in Climate Change Mitigation
23.4 Impact of Forest Products on Livelihood and Their Sustainable Uses
23.5 Policy Interventions for Sustainable Forest Management
23.6 Future Research Prospects and Recommendations
23.7 Conclusions
References
