Laboratory mice with a wild microbiota generate strong allergic immune responses

INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
The housing conditions of wildling mice ensure lifelong exposures to diverse microbial communities
Antigen-experienced T cells are expanded in wildling mice after weaning
Wildlings produce IL-10 in an MHC-II–dependent manner in response to various commensals and pathogens
Cytokine-producing effector CD4 T cells are prominent in the lungs of wildling mice
TH2 cells accumulate in the wildling mouse lung over time
Wildling mice develop robust pathogenic inflammation in response to HDM
TH2 cell responses to HDM are heightened in wildlings compared with SPF mice
Wildling mice have robust Treg cell responses after HDM exposure
Prolonged HDM exposure induces comparable pathological responses in SPF mice and wildlings
Subtle differences in the quality of the B and T cell response in wildlings with prolonged exposure to HDM
rIL-33 induces robust activation of endogenous TH2 cells in wildlings
Antiparasitic treatment of wildlings does not dampen pathological responses to allergens
DISCUSSION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
Mice
Assessment of the hygiene standards
16S rRNA gene sequencing
Mycobiome sequencing
Models
HDM (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)
rIL-33 or Alt alt extract
Organ processing
Restimulation of T cells
Tetramer staining
Flow cytometry
Histopathological analysis
Antibody ELISAs
Microbial restimulation assays
Cytokine quantifications
Statistical analysis
Supplementary Materials
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REFERENCES AND NOTES
Acknowledgments