The present publication focusses the attention on new avenues in regional information and knowledge management, while we will zoom in particularly on the potential promises and hurdles of digital technology. This digital challenge has already generated a wealth of implications in the area of smart or intelligent cities, but as yet far less has been achieved in the field of regional planning and regional science. There is clearly a need for a more systematic and wide-ranging assessment and presentation of emerging approaches and concepts in this field, for instance, in regard to principles (e.g. geographic rule modeling), methodologies (e.g. blockchain systems), data analytics (e.g. machine learning) and data governance (e.g. data sovereignty) of regional information and knowledge. Especially in our ‘big data’ era, a systematic, comprehensible and reliable acquisition, storage, sharing and handling of data (e.g. on the basis of systematic decomposition and filtering principles) is more needed than ever before.
The present study seeks to present a selection of state-of-the-art contributions on advanced – often digitally-oriented – regional information and knowledge management foundations, principles and practices written by several experts in the field of spatial informatics. These contributions were collected with a view to the design of a comprehensive knowledge and research agenda, which was discussed during a brainstorm workshop in Lyon, France (October 2021).
This book covers various fields of interest, such as GeoAI, knowledge modelling, IoT and scalability, space syntax, rule extraction, data governance and data self-sovereignty. It is concluded with a knowledge and research agenda outlining future endeavors in the field of the spatial information sciences (or spatial informatics).
Author(s): Robert Laurini, Peter Nijkamp, Karima Kourtit, Louafi Bouzouina
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 256
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Promises of Artificial Intelligence for Urban and Regional Planning and Policymaking
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Knowledge Management
1.2.1 Ontologies
1.2.2 Knowledge Networks
1.2.3 Rule-Based Systems
1.3 Case-Based Reasoning
1.4 Machine Learning
1.5 Final Remarks
References
Part II Advanced Approaches
2 Regional Knowledge: Sources, Representation and Management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Forms of Knowledge: Potential Sources, Representation and Management Frameworks
2.3 Representing and Reasoning with Conscious Knowledge
2.3.1 The Spatials3 Project
2.3.2 A Case Study Example of Management of Both Conscious, Domain, and Past Experience Knowledge Modelled Within Fuzzy Logic
2.4 Representing and Reasoning with Preconscious and Collective Knowledge
2.4.1 A Case Study for Events Detection
2.4.2 A Case Study for Popular Touristic Tour Analysis
2.5 Representing and Reasoning with Objectified Knowledge
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Employing Case-Based Reasoning to Provide Knowledge for Sustainable Regional Development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.2.1 Background of Sustainable Regional Development
3.2.2 Overview of Case-Based Reasoning
3.2.3 CBR Case Retrieval Methods
3.3 Methodology (Developed Case-Based Reasoning Approach)
3.3.1 Case Entry
3.3.2 Case Representation and Indexing
3.3.3 Case/Keyword Spacing
3.3.4 Case Selection and Retrieving
3.3.5 Case Ranking
3.3.6 Case Adaptation and Reuse
3.3.7 Case Revision and Retaining
3.3.8 Case Resemblance for Sustainable Regional Strategies
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Knowledge Management at Multiple Decision Levels: A Use Case About COVID-19 Pandemic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Related Work
4.3 Challenges of Level-Based Knowledge Management
4.3.1 Modelling Rules
4.3.2 Rule Extraction
4.3.3 Relationship Detection
4.3.4 Data Integration and Quality
4.4 The COVID-19 Use Case
4.4.1 Modelling
4.4.2 Rule Extraction
4.4.3 Relationship Detection
4.4.4 Integration of Heterogeneous Data
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Semantic Analysis of Feedforward Knowledge for Regional Policymaking
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Knowledge Management and Territorial Intelligence
5.2.1 Rules in Knowledge Management
5.2.2 Origin of Knowledge
5.2.3 Projects and Plans
5.2.4 Example of Analysis for a Regional Knowledge Bundle
5.2.5 Feedforward Rules
5.2.6 Decisional Rules
5.2.7 About Land Opportunities
5.2.8 Harbingers
5.3 Preliminary Aspects of Feedforward Rule Semantics
5.3.1 Knowledge from Local History and Geography
5.3.2 Technological Watch
5.3.3 Sociological Watching
5.3.4 Case-Based Reasoning and Domino Effect
5.3.5 Upper-Level Project Framework
5.3.6 From Electoral Promises to Regional Project
5.3.7 Modification or Cancelation of Projects
5.4 States of a Project
5.4.1 From Pure Idea to Decision-Making
5.4.2 Approbation
5.4.3 From Approbation to Opening Ceremony
5.4.4 About Contestation
5.5 Organization of Project-Oriented Knowledge
5.5.1 Ongoing Projects
5.5.2 Realized Projects
5.5.3 Abandoned Projects
5.6 Conclusions
References
Part III Regional Knowledge on the Move
6 ICT Key Points in Emerging Spatial Knowledge Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 From GeoSpatial Big Data to Territorial Intelligence
6.2.1 Spatial Internet of Things
6.2.2 Spatial Data Science
6.2.3 GeoSpatial Artificial Intelligence
6.2.4 Territorial Intelligence
6.3 Spatial Knowledge Management and Regional Policy-making
6.3.1 Key Points in Geospatial Big Data Management
6.3.2 Key Points in GeoAI
6.3.3 Key Points in Spatial IoT: GeoAI at Edge for Geospatial Big Data
6.3.4 Training Professionalism
6.4 Final Remarks
References
7 No “Prêt à Porter” but a Multi-scalar Perspective of “Smart Cities”
7.1 Introduction
7.2 What is Smart in ‘Smart Cities’?
7.3 Which Cities Should Be Smart?
7.4 Three Dimensions to Represent the Intra-Urban Diversity
7.5 Inter-Urban Diversity: Three Systematic Expressions of Urban Diversity at Higher Spatio-Temporal Scales
7.5.1 Urban Hierarchy and Scaling Relationships of Urban Attributes with City Size
7.5.2 Specialization, Innovation Waves and Urban Trajectories
7.5.3 Path Dependency and Stage of Regional Urban Systems in Global Trends
7.6 Reconciling Urban Dynamics with Smartness
7.6.1 Dynamics
7.6.2 Sustainability Targets
7.6.3 Measuring
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Smart Cities: Missing the Stigmergy?
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The City of Information
8.3 The Information of Distributed Actors and Their Networks
8.4 The Smartness of Coordination
8.5 Conclusion: Exploiting Stigmergy in Smart Cities
References
9 Blockchain Systems for Smart Cities and Regions: An Illustration of Self-Sovereign Data Governance
9.1 Smart Spatial Policy and Blockchain Systems
9.2 Paper Blockchain Systems in a Smart Context: Setting the Scene
9.3 The Wider Scope of Blockchain Technology
9.3.1 Financial Services: Cryptocurrencies and Transactions
9.3.2 Healthcare Systems
9.3.3 Business and Industry
9.3.4 Energy
9.3.5 Governance and the Public Sector
9.4 The Use of Blockchain Systems in Smart Cities and Regions
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Impediments to Blockchain Systems Adoption in Smart Cities and Regions
9.5 Example of a Self-Sovereign Decision Support Application: Design and Operation of an Experimental Blockchain App
9.5.1 Preface
9.5.2 Design Principles of the PS-SSApp
9.5.3 Modus Operandi of the PS-SSApp
9.5.4 Test Benefits of PS-SSApp Against Design Criteria
9.5.5 Illustrative Applications
9.6 Synthesis
9.7 Retrospect and Prospect
9.8 Epilogue
References
10 The Data–Driven Smart Region, Innovation and Sustainability
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical Background
10.2.1 From Intelligence to Sustainability: The Role of Innovation
10.2.2 From Innovation to Sustainability
10.3 Indicators of Intelligence and Urban Sustainability
10.4 Research Methodology
10.4.1 Data Base
10.4.2 Bivariate Interrelationships Among the Study Variables
10.4.3 Unsupervised Classification: K-means Clustering
10.5 Neural Network Learning
10.5.1 Neural Network
10.5.2 Decision Tree
10.5.3 Clusters and Discriminating Variables
10.6 Simultaneous Equation Analysis
10.6.1 Cross-Relationships
10.6.2 Regression in Simultaneous Equations
10.7 Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix 1: K-Means Classification
A.1 Descriptives
A.2 K-Means Algorithm for Optimal Clusters Number
A.3 Countries by Clusters Table
Appendix 2: Neuronal Network
References
Part IV Research and Knowledge Agenda
11 Regional Knowledge Management and Sustainable Regional Development: In Quest of a Research and Knowledge Agenda
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Setting the Scene
11.2.1 Objectives
11.2.2 Regional Concerns
11.2.3 Significance and Origin of Regional Knowledge
11.2.4 Links with the UN Sustainable Development Goals
11.2.5 Cross-Fertilization Between Research and Practice
11.2.6 Framing of the Work
11.3 Unveiling Characteristics of Regional Knowledge
11.3.1 Spatio-Temporal Knowledge
11.3.2 Fuzzy Knowledge and Rules
11.3.3 Gazetteers and Places with Fuzzy Geometries
11.3.4 Regional Ontologies
11.3.5 Rule Superseding
11.3.6 Scalability of Regional Knowledge
11.3.7 Border Effects
11.3.8 Natural Continuous Phenomena
11.3.9 Locally Embodied Information
11.3.10 Past Rules and Actual Rules
11.3.11 From Urban Analytics to Regional Analytics
11.3.12 Feedforward Knowledge
11.3.13 Quality of Knowledge
11.3.14 Knowledge Visualization and Sharing for Reasoning
11.3.15 Dashboards for Real-Time Monitoring
11.3.16 Case-Based Reasoning
11.3.17 Cross-Border Regional Knowledge Continuity
11.3.18 Cross-Border Regional Knowledge Integration
11.3.19 Cross-Border Regional Interoperability or Seamless Interoperability
11.3.20 Dedicated Inference and Reasoning Engines
11.3.21 Transparency and Explicability
11.3.22 Extracting Knowledge and Rules from Written Documents
11.3.23 Configurational Ontology; Space Syntax
11.3.24 Regional Knowledge and Links with SDI
11.3.25 Regional Knowledge Indexing
11.3.26 Knowledge Curation and Removal of “Fake Knowledge”
11.3.27 Epilogue
11.4 Governance and Decision-Making Based on Knowledge Management
11.4.1 Data Governance—Privacy, Confidentiality, Ownership
11.4.2 Jurisdiction and Rule Inception
11.4.3 Combining AI-Based Collective and Knowledge Intelligence
11.4.4 Formation of a Team of Professionals
11.4.5 Citizen Empowerment
11.4.6 Decision Rules
11.4.7 Lessons Learnt from Accepted and Abandoned Projects
11.4.8 Digital Twins for Regions
11.4.9 Border Effects, Unexpected Outcomes
11.4.10 Use of Knowledge to Boost Economy/Innovation
11.4.11 Cost of Enforcing Rules
11.4.12 Technological and Sociological Watching
11.4.13 Epilogue
11.5 Retrospect and Prospect
References
