Knowledge and Power presents and explores science not as something specifically for scientists, but as an integral part of human civilization, and traces the development of science through different historical settings from the Middle Ages through to the Cold War. Five case studies are examined within this book: the creation of modern science by Muslims, Christians and Jews in the medieval Mediterranean; the global science of the Jesuit order in the early modern world; the relationship between "modernization" and "westernization" in Russia and Japan from the late seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century; the role of science in the European colonization of Africa; and the rivalry in "big science" between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Each chapter includes original documents to further the reader’s understanding, and this second edition has been enhanced with a selection of new images and a new chapter on Big Science and the Superpowers during the Cold War. Since the Middle Ages, people have been working in many civilizations and cultures to advance knowledge of, and power over, the natural world. Through a combination of narrative and primary sources, Knowledge and Power provides students with an understanding of how different cultures throughout time and across the globe approached science. It is ideal for students of world history and the history of science.
Author(s): William E. Burns
Edition: 2
Publisher: Routledge | Taylor & Francis Group
Year: 2019
Language: English
Commentary: TruePDF | Full TOC
Pages: 174
Tags: Science: History; Science: Cross-cultural Studies
Cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
Introduction
1 | Science in the Medieval Mediterranean
Classical Science in the Islamic World
From Greek to Islamic Science
Greek and Arab Medicine
Greco-Arab Science in the Medieval Latin West
New Knowledge, New Institutions—the Rise of the University
Medicine in the Medieval University
Alchemy and Other “Disreputable” Sciences—Outside the University
The Missing Piece—Was There a Byzantine Science?
The Decline of Arab Science in Early Modern Europe
Why Did Scientific Leadership Move to Latin Christendom?
Medieval Latin Science and the Scientific Revolution
Documents on Medieval Science
Arab Science Enters the Latin West: Adelard of Bath
Ibn Rushd on Islam and Philosophy
Moses Maimonides on Aristotle and the Torah
Roger Bacon on Experiment
Notes
2 | The Jesuits and World Science, 1540–1773
Jesuit Science and Religion
The Jesuits as Scientific Missionaries in China
The Jesuits as Imperial Astronomers and Cartographers
The French Jesuit Mission in China and the Royal Academy of Sciences
The Chinese and Jesuit Science
The Decline of Jesuit Science in China
Jesuit Science in Spanish America
Natural History and Materia Medica in Latin America
“Creole” Jesuits and the Debate Over the New World
Rome: Center of the Jesuit Scientific World
Athanasius Kircher and Global Science
The Decline of Jesuit Science
Documents on Early Modern Jesuit Science
Jose de Acosta, of the Natural and Moral History of the Indies
Ferdinand Verbiest on the Uses of Science in China
Athanasius Kircher on Earthquakes
Francisco Clavigero on the Dogs of Mexico
3 | Westernization, “Modernization,” and Science in Russia and Japan, 1684–1860s
Science and State-Driven Westernization in Russia
Science in Russia Before Peter the Great
Science and Westernization in the Reign of Peter the Great
The Transformation of the Russian Language
The Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg
The French Revolution and Russian Science
Autocracy and Russian Science Under Nicolas I
The Disciplinary Societies
Science and Russian Liberalism: Alexander Herzen
Western Learning in Japan
Chinese Science in Japan
The Early History of Western Science in Japan
The Dutch in Tokugawa Japan
Rangaku
Western Science, Chinese Learning, and Japanese Nativism
The Turn Against Western Science
Siebold and the Crackdown on Independent Rangaku Scholars
The Japanese Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century and Western Learning
Documents on Science in Romanov Russia and Tokugawa Japan
Jakob Staehlin von Storcksberg, Founding the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg
Ekaterina Dashkova and the Reform of the Russian Academy
Honda Toshiaki on Western Science and Political Reform
Late Tokugawa Science in Western Eyes
Notes
4 | Africa in the Age of Imperialism and Nationalism, 1860–1960
Exploration
Conquest
Exploitation
Western and African Knowledge in the Formation of African Natural History
Science and Imperial Ideology
An African Scientist—Africanus Horton
“Racial Science” in Colonial Africa
Scientific Racism and Eugenics in Colonial South Africa
The Decline of Scientific Racism
“Ethnopsychiatry”
Teaching Science in Colonial Education Systems
Late Colonial Africa and “Experimental Developmentalism”
Science and African Nationalism in Early Postcolonial Africa
Documents on Science in Colonial and Early National Africa
Sir Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa or a Journey to Harar (1856)
Karl (or Carl) Peters, The Eldorado of the Ancients (1902)
Africanus Horton on Race
Kwame Nkrumah Envisions a Scientific and Technological Africa
Notes
5 | Big Science, the Superpowers, and the Cold War
An Age of “Big Science”
The Roots of Big Science
Big Science and the Cold War Militaries
Creating Centers of Research
Policing the Scientific Community
Big Science, Hope, and Fear
The Big Science Model Spreads Beyond Nuclear Physics
The Early Space Race and the “Sputnik Shock”
The “Space Race” After Sputnik
Big Science and American Politics in the 1960s and 1970s
The Second Cold War and the Crisis of “Big Science”
The End of the Cold War—and of Big Science?
Documents on Cold War Big Science
Stalin on Soviet Nuclear Development, 1946
S. I. Vavilov on Science and the Soviet Union, 1948
President Dwight Eisenhower’s Farewell Address on Big Science, 1961
The CIA Evaluates Soviet Oceanography, 1984
The Soviet Oceanographic Research Program
Epilogue
How Much Have Things Changed?
Bibliography
Useful Works on the History of World Science
Useful Works on Medieval Science
Useful Works on Jesuit Science
Useful Works on Science in Tokugawa Japan and Romanov Russia
Useful Works on Science in Colonial and Early National Africa
Useful Works on Big Science and the Superpowers in the Cold War
Index
