Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics

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Educating professionals and students about the chemistry, formulation technology, and related regulatory aspects of cosmetics and perfumeCosmetics and perfume comprise a multibillion-dollar global industry. Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics provides authoritative information on the substances and processes involved, including key product groups, ingredients, formulation technology, packaging, and regulatory topics in twenty-two articles.This resource makes sense of a vast group of consumer products designed to improve the health, cleanliness, and physical appearance of the human exterior. It identifies natural and synthetic ingredients and gives details on formulation of the product so that the cosmetic is safe, easy to use, and performs as described. Particular attention is paid to the technologies that have been developed to produce them, including emulsification, stick technology, powder blending, and aerosol technology. Packaging is also addressed, as it must be attractive to the consumer, be environmentally friendly, and keep the product safe as well. Regulatory information reinforces the safety aspect.Based on Wiley's renowned Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, this book presents new and carefully updated articles, and features the same breadth and quality of coverage and clarity of presentation found in the original. This comprehensive guide is a valuable resource for chemists, R&D professionals, dermatologists, patent attorneys, regulatory agencies, and other professionals in the field of personal care products. It is also a must-have reference for students who plan to enter the field.

Author(s): Kirk-Othmer
Edition: 1
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2012

Language: English
Pages: 832
Tags: Химия и химическая промышленность;Клеи, лаки, краски, бытовая химия;

KIRK-OTHMER CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY OF COSMETICS......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 12
PART I: PRODUCTS......Page 14
1.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 16
1.3. REGULATION OF THE COSMETIC INDUSTRY......Page 17
1.3.2. European Regulations......Page 18
1.3.3. Japanese Regulation......Page 19
1.4.1. Safety......Page 20
1.4.3. Contamination......Page 21
1.4.5. Performance......Page 22
1.5.1. Antioxidants......Page 23
1.5.2. Preservatives......Page 26
1.5.4. Solvents......Page 28
1.5.5. Surfactants......Page 30
1.5.6. Colorants......Page 32
1.5.7. Botanicals......Page 33
1.6.1. Emulsification......Page 34
1.6.2. Stick Technology......Page 36
1.6.3. Powder Blending......Page 37
1.8.1. Skin-Care Products......Page 39
1.8.2. Antiacne Preparations......Page 41
1.8.3. Sunscreens......Page 42
1.8.5. Skin Coloring and Bleaching Preparations......Page 44
1.9.1. Antiperspirants and Deodorants......Page 45
1.10.1. Skin Cleansers......Page 46
1.10.2. Hair Cleansers......Page 47
1.10.3. Oral Cleansing Products......Page 48
1.11.2. Shaving Creams......Page 49
1.12.2. Decorative Nail-Care Products......Page 50
1.13.1. Hair Conditioners......Page 51
1.13.3. Hair Colorants......Page 53
1.13.4. Hair Waving and Straightening Products......Page 56
1.14.1. Lip Makeups......Page 57
1.14.2. Eye Makeup......Page 58
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 60
2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 62
2.2.1. Physical Properties......Page 63
2.2.2. Phase Behavior......Page 65
2.2.3. Solid Phases and In-Use Properties......Page 67
2.3.1. Principal Raw Materials......Page 70
2.3.2. Fats and Oils Used in Soap Making......Page 71
2.3.3. Raw Material Pretreatment......Page 73
2.4.1. Direct Saponification of Oils and Fats......Page 75
2.4.2. Continuous Saponification Process......Page 76
2.4.3. Fatty Acid Neutralization Process......Page 77
2.5. FORMULATION......Page 79
2.5.2. Bar Soap Additives......Page 80
2.5.3. Speciality Soaps......Page 84
2.6. BAR SOAP MANUFACTURE......Page 86
2.6.3. Continuous Casting......Page 87
2.6.4. Milling/Extrusion-Forming......Page 88
2.7. ECONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 90
2.8.1. Soap and Related Materials......Page 91
2.9. HEALTH AND SAFETY FACTORS......Page 92
2.9.1. Hygienic and Social Benefits......Page 93
2.10. PRINCIPAL USES......Page 94
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 95
3.2. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF HAIR......Page 98
3.3. SHAMPOOS......Page 99
3.3.2. Product Forms......Page 100
3.3.3. Synthetic Detergents......Page 101
3.3.4. Shampoo Additives......Page 105
3.3.5. Baby Shampoos......Page 106
3.3.8. Manufacture, Evaluation, and Safety......Page 107
3.4.2. Hairdressings......Page 108
3.5. FIXATIVES......Page 110
3.5.2. Ingredients......Page 111
3.5.3. Finishing Sprays......Page 114
3.6. COLORING PREPARATIONS......Page 118
3.6.2. Semipermanent Hair Colorants......Page 119
3.6.3. Permanent Hair Colorants......Page 121
3.6.4. Hair Coloring Regulation Issues......Page 124
3.7.1. Chemistry of HairWaving......Page 126
3.7.2. Waving Lotions......Page 128
3.7.6. Manufacturing......Page 129
3.8.2. Permanent Hair Straightening......Page 130
3.11.1. Definitions......Page 131
3.11.3. Drug Products......Page 132
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 133
4.1.1. Historical Background......Page 136
4.2. CREATION OF PERFUMES......Page 137
4.3. FINE FRAGRANCES......Page 138
4.3.1. Women’s Fragrances......Page 139
4.3.2. Men’s Fragrances......Page 142
4.4.1. Detergent Fragrances......Page 144
4.4.3. Liquid Fabric Softeners......Page 145
4.4.7. Deodorants and Antiperspirants......Page 146
4.5. PERFUME INGREDIENTS......Page 147
4.5.2. Naturally Derived Materials......Page 148
4.5.3. Aroma Chemicals......Page 155
4.6.1. Quality Control......Page 162
4.7.1. Analytical Chemistry......Page 163
4.7.2. Synthesis......Page 165
4.7.3. Structure–Odor Correlations and Olfactory Receptors......Page 166
4.7.4. Process Research and Development......Page 167
4.7.5. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Fragrance......Page 169
4.9. SAFETY, REGULATORY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE INDUSTRY......Page 170
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 172
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 173
5.2. DENTAL PLAQUE......Page 174
5.3.1. General Toothpaste Formulation......Page 175
5.3.2. Specific Toothpaste Formulations......Page 178
5.3.3. Tooth Whitening Agents......Page 179
5.4. DENTAL RINSES......Page 180
5.5. ECONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 181
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 182
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 183
6 Natural Cosmetics......Page 184
6.2.1. The Nature of Natural......Page 185
6.2.2. Other Certifications and Seals......Page 187
6.2.3. Advertizing Self-Regulation......Page 189
6.3. USE OF NATURAL FRAGRANCE INGREDIENTS......Page 190
6.3.1. International Fragrance (IFRA) Standards......Page 191
6.4.1. Natural Lipids......Page 192
6.4.2. Quercetin and Curcumin......Page 197
6.4.3. Ayurvedic Ingredients......Page 198
6.4.4. Traditional Chinese Herbs......Page 200
6.5. ECONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 201
6.6.1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)......Page 203
6.6.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)......Page 204
6.7.1. Plant-Derived Ingredients......Page 205
6.7.2. Botanicals and Type I Allergy......Page 207
6.7.3. Use of Natural Preservatives......Page 208
6.7.4. Safety Evaluation of Natural Fragrance Ingredients......Page 209
6.8. BIODEGRADABILITY......Page 211
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 212
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 215
PART II: INGREDIENTS......Page 218
7.2. ODORS DESCRIPTORS......Page 220
7.3. GENERAL PRODUCTION ROUTES......Page 223
7.4. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF AROMA CHEMICALS......Page 224
7.4.1. Hydrocarbons......Page 230
7.4.2. Bicyclic Monoterpenes......Page 232
7.4.3. Alcohols......Page 235
7.4.5. Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 241
7.4.6. Carboxylic Acids......Page 247
7.4.7. Carboxylic Acids Derivatives......Page 248
7.4.8. Thio Compounds......Page 253
7.4.9. Heterocyclic Compounds......Page 254
7.6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 257
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 258
8.1.1. Definitions......Page 260
8.1.2. Biosynthesis......Page 262
8.1.3. Biological Significance......Page 263
8.1.4. Industrial Significance......Page 266
8.2. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SYNTHETIC ROUTES......Page 267
8.2.1. From α-Pinene......Page 269
8.2.2. From β-Pinene......Page 270
8.2.3. From Methylbutenol and Methoxypropene......Page 272
8.2.4. From Isobutylene, Acetone, and Formaldehyde......Page 273
8.2.6. From Isoprene......Page 274
8.3. HEMITERPENOIDS......Page 275
8.4.1. Monoterpenoid Hydrocarbons......Page 276
8.4.2. Monoterpenoid Alcohols......Page 292
8.4.3. Monoterpenoid Ethers......Page 320
8.4.4. Monoterpenoid Aldehydes......Page 321
8.4.5. Monoterpenoid Ketones......Page 329
8.5. SESQUITERPENOIDS......Page 334
8.5.2. Longifolene......Page 335
8.5.3. Cedrene, Cedrol, and Thujopsene......Page 336
8.5.5. Farnesol......Page 338
8.5.7. α-Bisabolol......Page 339
8.5.9. Nootkatone......Page 341
8.5.11. Warburganal and Polygodial......Page 342
8.6.2. Chlorophyll......Page 343
8.6.3. Rosin Acids......Page 345
8.6.4. Taxanes......Page 346
8.7.1. Squalene and Squalane......Page 348
8.7.3. Boswellic Acids......Page 350
8.8. CAROTENOIDS......Page 351
8.8.2. Carotenes......Page 352
8.8.3. Oxygenated Carotenoids......Page 354
8.9.1. Carotenoid Degradation Products......Page 355
8.9.2. Other Terpenoid Degradation Products......Page 366
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 371
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 372
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 385
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SPECTRAL DATA OF TERPENOIDS......Page 386
9.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 388
9.2. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 390
9.3.3. Water and Steam Distillation......Page 391
9.4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 393
9.5. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 396
9.5.1. Isolation and Quantitative Determination......Page 403
9.5.2. Quality-Assessment Techniques......Page 404
9.6. ECONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 408
9.7. COMMERCIAL ESSENTIAL OILS AND WORLD TRADE......Page 409
9.8.1. Safety of Essential Oils......Page 416
9.8.2. Regulatory Aspects of Essential Oils......Page 417
9.8.3. Packaging and Storage of Essential Oils......Page 418
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 419
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 421
10.2.1. Extraction of Citrus Peel Oil......Page 422
10.2.2. Extraction of Citrus Seed Oils......Page 423
10.3.1. Chemical Composition of Citrus Peel Oils......Page 424
10.3.2. Chemical Composition of Citrus Seed Oils......Page 427
10.4.1. Changes of Composition During Storage......Page 430
10.4.2. Storage Conditions......Page 432
10.5. HEALTH AND SAFETY FACTORS......Page 433
10.6. USES......Page 434
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 435
11.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 440
11.2.1. Essential Fatty Acids......Page 442
11.2.4. Structured Lipids (SLs)......Page 443
11.3. PROCESSING OIL FOR PHARMACEUTICAL AND COSMETIC APPLICATIONS......Page 444
11.3.2. Specifications for Oil Quality......Page 446
11.5. DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS......Page 447
11.5.1. Lipids in Trans-Dermal Applications......Page 448
11.6.1. Cosmeceuticals......Page 451
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 455
12.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 458
12.2.2. Oleochemical Derivatives from Coconut Oil and their General Applications......Page 460
12.3.1. Chemistry of Fat Splitting......Page 462
12.3.2. Fat-Splitting Processes......Page 463
12.3.3. Fatty Acid Distillation and Fractionation Operations......Page 465
12.4.2. Chemistry of Esterification and Transesterification......Page 468
12.4.3. Methods of Manufacture......Page 469
12.5. FATTY ALCOHOLS......Page 471
12.5.3. Chemistry of Hydrogenation......Page 472
12.5.4. High-Pressure Hydrogenation Processes......Page 474
12.5.5. Lurgi Fatty Acid Hydrogenation Method......Page 475
12.5.7. Fractionation of Fatty Alcohols......Page 476
12.6.1. Glycerine from Fats and Oils......Page 477
12.6.2. Methods of Purification......Page 479
12.7. MONOALKYL PHOSPHATES......Page 480
12.7.1. Chemistry......Page 481
12.7.3. Properties and Uses......Page 482
12.8.1. Chemistry......Page 483
12.8.2. Types of Alkanolamides......Page 484
12.8.3. Manufacture......Page 485
12.9.1. Types of Surfactants......Page 486
12.9.3. Manufacture......Page 488
12.9.5. Other Surfactants......Page 491
12.10.1. Types of Tertiary Amines......Page 492
12.10.3. Uses......Page 493
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 494
13.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 496
13.2.1. Phlorotannins......Page 497
13.2.2. Carotenoids......Page 500
13.2.4. Collagen......Page 502
13.2.5. Mycosporine-like Amino Acids......Page 503
13.2.6. Polysaccharides......Page 504
13.2.7. Other Miscellaneous Agents......Page 507
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 508
14.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 514
14.2. HISTORY OF REGULATION......Page 515
14.3. COLORING FOOD......Page 527
14.3.3. Regional and Seasonal Problems......Page 529
14.6. COLORING MEDICAL DEVICES......Page 530
14.7.1. Listed and Provisionally Listed Colorants......Page 532
14.7.3. Specifications......Page 533
14.7.4. Use Restrictions......Page 535
14.8.1. Chemical Classifications......Page 536
14.8.2. Lakes......Page 538
14.8.3. Properties of Colorants......Page 539
14.9.1. Annatto Extract......Page 543
14.9.2. β-Carotene......Page 544
14.9.3. β-Apo-80-Carotenal......Page 545
14.9.5. Caramel......Page 546
14.9.6. Cochineal Extract......Page 547
14.9.7. Dehydrated Beets......Page 548
14.9.8. Grape Color Extract and Grape Skin Extract......Page 549
14.9.11. Chromium Oxide Green......Page 550
14.9.13. Saffron......Page 551
14.9.15. Synthetic Iron Oxide......Page 552
14.9.17. Talc......Page 553
14.9.19. Zinc Oxide......Page 554
14.9.20. Miscellaneous Colorants......Page 555
14.10. OPPORTUNITIES IN NATURAL COLORANTS......Page 557
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 558
PART III: FORMULATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 562
15.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 564
15.2. FORMATION AND STABILIZATION......Page 566
15.2.1. Emulsifiers......Page 567
15.2.3. Stabilization......Page 568
15.2.4. Ostwald Ripening......Page 575
15.3.1. Formulation......Page 576
15.3.2. Equipment and Methods......Page 578
15.4. HEALTH AND SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES......Page 579
15.5.1. Food......Page 580
15.5.2. Cosmetics......Page 581
15.5.4. Emulsion (Latex) Polymers......Page 582
15.5.6. Agricultural Chemicals......Page 583
15.6. TRENDS......Page 584
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 585
16.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 588
16.3. PHASES OF MICROEMULSIONS......Page 589
16.3.1. Phase Diagrams......Page 590
16.3.2. Perturbing Variable Scans......Page 592
16.4. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF MICROEMULSIONS......Page 597
16.5. MICROEMULSIONS AND MACROEMULSIONS......Page 600
16.6.1. Enhanced Oil Recovery......Page 601
16.6.2. Cosmetics......Page 602
16.6.3. Pharmaceuticals......Page 604
16.6.4. Cleaning and Detergency......Page 605
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 606
17.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 610
17.3.2. Hydrogels Prepared Using Radiation......Page 612
17.4.1. Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers......Page 614
17.4.3. Poly(Acrylic/Methacrylic Acid) Hydrogels......Page 615
17.4.4. PVA Hydrogels......Page 616
17.4.5. PEG Hydrogels......Page 618
17.4.6. Poly(Acrylamide)-Based Hydrogels......Page 619
17.4.7. Poly(N-Vinyl 2-Pyrrolidone) Hydrogels......Page 620
17.4.9. Biodegradable Hydrogels......Page 621
17.4.10. Smart Hydrogels......Page 623
17.4.11. Microgels......Page 625
17.5. SAFETY AND HEALTH FACTORS......Page 628
17.6.1. Molecular Separation......Page 629
17.6.3. Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery......Page 630
17.6.5. Porous Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering......Page 632
17.6.6. Wound Dressings......Page 633
17.6.9. Diapers......Page 634
17.6.11. Agricultural Applications......Page 635
17.6.12. Cosmetic Applications......Page 636
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 637
18.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 644
18.2.1. Reduced Surface Tension......Page 646
18.2.4. van der Waals Interaction......Page 647
18.2.5. Structure......Page 650
18.2.7. Drainage......Page 654
18.2.8. Film Rupture......Page 656
18.2.9. Gas Diffusion......Page 657
18.2.10. Rheology......Page 658
18.3. PRODUCTION......Page 661
18.4.3. Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives......Page 662
18.5.1. Firefighting......Page 663
18.5.2. Food......Page 664
18.5.4. Oil Recovery......Page 665
18.5.7. Cosmetics......Page 667
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 668
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 671
19.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 674
19.2. FORMULATION OF AEROSOLS......Page 675
19.2.1. Product Concentrate......Page 676
19.2.2. Propellants......Page 678
19.3.1. Containers......Page 685
19.3.2. Valves......Page 686
19.3.3. Barrier-Type Systems......Page 688
19.5. ECONOMIC ASPECTS......Page 690
19.6. USES OF AEROSOL PACKAGING......Page 691
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 692
20.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 694
20.2. PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS......Page 695
20.2.1. Solubility–Temperature Relationship for Surfactants......Page 700
20.3.1. Kinetic Aspects......Page 702
20.3.3. Phase Separation Model......Page 703
20.3.4. Mass Action Model......Page 705
20.3.5. Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellization......Page 706
20.4.1. At the Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interfaces......Page 708
20.4.2. At the Solid/Liquid Interface......Page 713
20.5.1. Anionic Surfactants......Page 719
20.5.2. Cationic Surfactants......Page 721
20.5.3. Amphoteric (Zwitterionic) Surfactants......Page 722
20.5.4. Nonionic Surfactants......Page 723
20.5.6. Polymeric Surfactants......Page 727
20.5.7. Gemini Surfactants......Page 728
20.7. HEALTH AND SAFETY FACTORS......Page 729
20.8.2. Biodegradability......Page 730
20.9.1. Emulsions......Page 731
20.9.2. Suspensions......Page 732
20.9.3. Microemulsions......Page 733
20.9.4. Personal Care and Cosmetics......Page 734
20.9.5. Pharmaceuticals......Page 735
CITED REFERENCES......Page 737
PART IV: REGULATORY......Page 740
21.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 742
21.2.1. The Composting Process......Page 743
21.3. PACKAGING DESIGN......Page 744
21.3.1. Product Tampering......Page 745
21.3.2. Tamper-Evident Features......Page 746
21.4.1. Issues of Risk......Page 747
21.4.3. Bulk Product and Refill Dispensers......Page 748
21.4.4. Cosmetic Applicators......Page 749
21.4.5. Closures and Delivery Systems......Page 750
21.5.1. Cosmetic Designs......Page 751
21.6. THE FDA AND ITS ROLE......Page 752
CITED PUBLICATIONS......Page 754
22.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 756
22.3. FDA ORGANIZATION AND ROLES......Page 757
22.4.1. New Drugs......Page 759
22.4.2. Regulating Drug Quality......Page 760
22.5. BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS......Page 762
22.6. MEDICAL DEVICES......Page 763
22.7. FOOD PRODUCTS......Page 764
22.8. VETERINARY PRODUCTS......Page 765
22.8.2. Pet Food......Page 766
22.9.1. Product Recalls and Other Actions......Page 767
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 768
GENERAL REFERENCES......Page 769
INDEX......Page 772