Learn how to apply kinesiology concepts and treat dysfunction with Muscolino’s Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function, 3rd Edition! With more than 1,200 full-color illustrations, this highly visual text offers a vividly illustrated look at the skeletal system and how muscles function as movers, antagonists, and stabilizers in the body. Part One covers the fundamentals of structure and motion, including essential terminology that is used in kinesiology. Part Two covers the skeletal system including the makeup of skeletal and fascial tissues. Part Three contains a detailed study of the joints of the body. And lastly, Part Four examines how muscles function. This new edition also boasts an all-new chapter on biomechanics, more than 100 online video clips, and an interactive muscle program. If you want a thorough understanding of muscle function and how to apply that knowledge on the job, then there’s no better guide than Muscolino!
Coverage of strengthening exercises and stretching emphasizes the purposes and benefits of stretching and how to perform various stretching techniques.
The most up-to-date information on posture and the gait cycle features high-quality art.
Comprehensive chapter on muscle action and attachments includes illustrations of all of the muscles of the human body organized by function.
Clinical applications throughout the book are directly related to kinesiology concepts and challenge you to apply what you’ve learned to clinical practice.
Complete atlas of bones, bony landmarks, and joints includes more than 100 full-color photographs of every bone in the human body, giving you comprehensive coverage of bones not found in other kinesiology books.
Clear, simple explanations of kinesiology concepts cover muscle contraction(s), coordination of muscles with movement, core stabilization, posture, exercise, reflexes, and how the nervous system controls and directs the muscular system.
Approximately 1,200 four-color illustrations help you visualize important concepts.
A wide variety of user resources include a comprehensive glossary of terms from the book, radiographs, answers to the review questions at the end of each chapter in the book, an interactive muscle program, and videos featuring joint actions and palpation techniques.
NEW! A new chapter on biomechanics helps you understand how the body moves under normal circumstances and what may impair its movement in pathology.
NEW! Improved illustrations in The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body offer a vivid muscle atlas within the text.
NEW! Expanded resources on Evolve companion site include a new collection of video clips and an interactive muscle program which help you identify the necessary skills for professional success.
Author(s): Joseph E. Muscolino DC
Edition: 3rd Edition
Publisher: Mosby
Year: 2017
Language: English
Commentary: Kinesiology The Skeletal System and Muscle Function
Pages: 762
Tags: Kinesiology, The Skeletal System , Muscle Function , Treat Dysfunction
Front Cover......Page 1
Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 16
Dedication......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Reviewers......Page 8
Third Edition Forewords......Page 9
Second Edition Foreword......Page 11
ORGANIZATION......Page 12
RELATED PUBLICATIONS......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 14
About the Author......Page 15
CHAPTER 1.
Parts of the Human Body......Page 20
APPENDICULAR BODY......Page 21
SECTION 1.2 MAJOR BODY PARTS......Page 22
SECTION 1.3 JOINTS BETWEEN BODY PARTS......Page 24
SECTION 1.4 MOVEMENT OF A BODY PART RELATIVE TO AN ADJACENT BODY PART......Page 25
SECTION 1.5 MOVEMENT WITHIN A BODY PART......Page 26
SECTION 1.6 TRUE MOVEMENT OF A BODY PART VERSUS “GOING ALONG FOR THE RIDE”......Page 27
SECTION 1.7 REGIONS OF THE BODY......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
CHAPTER
2. Mapping the Human Body......Page 30
NAMING LOCATIONS ON THE HUMAN BODY......Page 32
SECTION 2.3 ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR......Page 33
SECTION 2.4 MEDIAL/LATERAL......Page 34
SECTION 2.5 SUPERIOR/INFERIOR AND PROXIMAL/DISTAL......Page 35
SECTION 2.6 SUPERFICIAL/DEEP......Page 36
SECTION 2.7 LOCATION TERMINOLOGY ILLUSTRATION......Page 37
SECTION 2.8 PLANES......Page 38
SECTION 2.9 MOTION OF THE HUMAN BODY WITHIN PLANES......Page 39
SECTION 2.10 AXES......Page 41
MEDIOLATERAL AXIS......Page 42
SECTION 2.12 VISUALIZING THE AXES—DOOR HINGE PIN ANALOGY......Page 43
SECTION 2.13 VISUALIZING THE AXES—PINWHEEL ANALOGY......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 47
CHAPTER 3.
Skeletal Tissues......Page 48
SECTION 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES BY SHAPE......Page 50
PARTS OF A LONG BONE......Page 51
PROVIDE LEVERS FOR BODY MOVEMENTS......Page 52
BLOOD CELL FORMATION......Page 53
ORGANIC MATRIX......Page 54
SPONGY BONE......Page 55
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION......Page 56
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION......Page 57
SECTION 3.7 FONTANELS......Page 58
SECTION 3.8 FRACTURE HEALING......Page 59
WOLFF’S LAW “GONE BAD”......Page 60
TYPES OF CARTILAGE......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 65
CHAPTER 4.
Fascia......Page 66
FASCIA DEFINED......Page 67
TYPES OF FASCIA......Page 68
COMPONENTS OF FASCIA......Page 69
FASCIAL WEB......Page 71
MYOFIBROBLAST FORMATION......Page 74
SECTION 4.4 TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS......Page 76
SECTION 4.5 BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS......Page 77
SECTION 4.6 PROPERTIES OF FASCIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES......Page 79
REFERENCES......Page 81
CHAPTER 5.
Bones of the Human Body......Page 82
SECTION 5.1 BONES OF THE HEAD......Page 90
SECTION 5.2 BONES OF THE SPINE (AND HYOID)......Page 104
SECTION 5.3 BONES OF THE RIBCAGE AND STERNUM......Page 122
SECTION 5.4 ENTIRE LOWER EXTREMITY......Page 126
SECTION 5.6 BONES OF THE THIGH AND KNEE JOINT......Page 132
SECTION 5.7 BONES OF THE LEG AND ANKLE JOINT......Page 136
SECTION 5.8 BONES OF THE FOOT......Page 141
SECTION 5.9 ENTIRE UPPER EXTREMITY......Page 146
SECTION 5.10 BONES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE AND SHOULDER JOINT......Page 147
SECTION 5.11 BONES OF THE ARM AND ELBOW JOINT......Page 152
SECTION 5.12 BONES OF THE FOREARM, WRIST JOINT, AND HAND......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 168
CHAPTER 6.
Joint Action Terminology......Page 169
NONAXIAL MOTION......Page 171
NONAXIAL MOTION......Page 172
AXIAL MOTION......Page 173
SECTION 6.6 AXIAL MOTION AND THE AXIS OF MOVEMENT......Page 174
SECTION 6.8 ROLL, GLIDE, AND SPIN MOVEMENTS COMPARED......Page 175
SECTION 6.9 NAMING JOINT ACTIONS—COMPLETELY......Page 176
SECTION 6.10 JOINT ACTION TERMINOLOGY PAIRS......Page 177
SECTION 6.11 FLEXION/EXTENSION......Page 178
SECTION 6.12 ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION......Page 179
SECTION 6.13 RIGHT LATERAL FLEXION/LEFT LATERAL FLEXION......Page 180
SECTION 6.15 RIGHT ROTATION/LEFT ROTATION......Page 181
SECTION 6.16 PLANTARFLEXION/DORSIFLEXION......Page 182
SECTION 6.18 PRONATION/SUPINATION......Page 183
SECTION 6.19 PROTRACTION/RETRACTION......Page 184
SECTION 6.20 ELEVATION/DEPRESSION......Page 185
SCAPULA (FIGURE 6-21, A)......Page 186
SECTION 6.22 ANTERIOR TILT/POSTERIOR TILT......Page 187
SECTION 6.24 RIGHT LATERAL DEVIATION/LEFT LATERAL DEVIATION......Page 188
SECTION 6.25 HORIZONTAL FLEXION/HORIZONTAL EXTENSION......Page 189
SECTION 6.26 HYPEREXTENSION......Page 190
SECTION 6.28 NAMING OBLIQUE PLANE MOVEMENTS......Page 191
SECTION 6.29 REVERSE ACTIONS......Page 193
SECTION 6.30 VECTORS......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 197
CHAPTER 7. Classification of Joints
......Page 198
SECTION 7.2 PHYSIOLOGY OF A JOINT......Page 200
SECTION 7.3 JOINT MOBILITY VERSUS JOINT STABILITY......Page 201
SECTION 7.4 JOINTS AND SHOCK ABSORPTION......Page 202
SECTION 7.5 WEIGHT-BEARING JOINTS......Page 203
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS......Page 204
GOMPHOSIS JOINTS......Page 205
SYNCHONDROSIS JOINTS......Page 206
COMPONENTS OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT......Page 207
CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS......Page 209
PIVOT JOINTS......Page 210
SADDLE JOINTS......Page 211
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS......Page 214
SECTION 7.13 NONAXIAL SYNOVIAL JOINTS......Page 216
SECTION 7.14 MENISCI AND ARTICULAR DISCS......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 220
CHAPTER 8.
Joints of the Axial Body......Page 221
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 223
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (BOX 8-3)......Page 224
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 225
SHAPE OF THE ADULT SPINE
VIEWED LATERALLY......Page 229
FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINE......Page 230
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC JOINT......Page 232
SPINAL JOINT SEGMENTAL MOTION—
COUPLING DISC AND FACET JOINTS......Page 234
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE SPINAL JOINTS......Page 235
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE SPINAL JOINTS......Page 238
ATLANTOAXIAL (C1-C2) JOINT......Page 240
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
OCCIPITO-ATLANTOAXIAL REGION......Page 242
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE
OCCIPITO-ATLANTOAXIAL REGION......Page 243
FEATURES OF THE CERVICAL SPINE......Page 245
FUNCTIONS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE......Page 246
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 247
FEATURES OF THE THORACIC SPINE......Page 249
SECTION 8.8 RIB JOINTS OF THE THORAX......Page 250
COSTOSPINAL JOINTS IN MORE DETAIL......Page 251
STERNOCOSTAL JOINTS......Page 252
MUSCLES OF THE RIB JOINTS......Page 253
FEATURES OF THE LUMBAR SPINE......Page 254
SPECIAL JOINT......Page 255
SECTION 8.10 THORACOLUMBAR SPINE (THE TRUNK)......Page 256
THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA......Page 258
ABDOMINAL APONEUROSIS......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 262
CHAPTER
9. Joints of the Lower Extremity......Page 263
SECTION 9.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PELVIS AND PELVIC MOVEMENT......Page 266
SACROILIAC JOINTS......Page 267
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
SACROILIAC JOINT......Page 268
MOTION OF THE PELVIS AT THE
LUMBOSACRAL JOINT......Page 270
MOTION OF THE PELVIS AS A UNIT AT
THE HIP JOINTS......Page 272
MOTION OF THE PELVIS AS A UNIT AT THE
LUMBOSACRAL AND HIP JOINTS......Page 274
SAGITTAL PLANE MOVEMENTS......Page 276
TRANSVERSE PLANE MOVEMENTS......Page 277
FRONTAL PLANE MOVEMENTS......Page 278
TRANSVERSE PLANE MOVEMENTS......Page 279
SECTION 9.8 EFFECT OF PELVIC POSTURE ON SPINAL POSTURE......Page 282
BONES......Page 283
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE HIP JOINT (BOX 9-9)......Page 284
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE HIP JOINT......Page 287
FEMORAL ANGLE OF INCLINATION......Page 288
FEMORAL TORSION ANGLE......Page 289
SECTION 9.11 FEMOROPELVIC RHYTHM......Page 290
BONES......Page 291
LIGAMENTS OF THE TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT......Page 292
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 297
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 298
GENU VALGUM AND GENU VARUM......Page 299
Q-ANGLE......Page 300
GENU RECURVATUM......Page 301
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 302
JOINTS OF THE ANKLE/FOOT REGION......Page 303
ARCHES OF THE FOOT......Page 304
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 305
BONES......Page 306
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 307
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE TALOCRURAL
JOINT (BOX 9-35)......Page 308
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 311
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 312
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE SUBTALAR JOINT
(BOX 9-41)......Page 314
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 315
BONES......Page 316
BONES AND LIGAMENTS......Page 317
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 318
LIGAMENTS OF THE METATARSOPHALANGEAL
JOINTS (BOX 9-45)......Page 319
SECTION 9.24 INTERPHALANGEAL (IP) JOINTS OF THE FOOT......Page 320
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 323
CHAPTER 10.
Joints of the Upper Extremity......Page 324
SECTION 10.1 SHOULDER JOINT COMPLEX......Page 327
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 328
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT......Page 330
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 332
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 333
BONES......Page 335
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 336
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT......Page 337
MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 338
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT......Page 339
SECTION 10.6 SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHM......Page 340
OTHER COUPLED ACTIONS OF
SCAPULOHUMERAL RHYTHM......Page 341
HUMEROULNAR JOINT......Page 343
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE ELBOW
JOINT (HUMEROULNAR AND
HUMERORADIAL JOINTS)......Page 344
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 345
DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT......Page 346
MAJOR ACTIONS OF THE
RADIOULNAR JOINTS......Page 347
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
RADIOULNAR JOINTS......Page 348
SECTION 10.10 OVERVIEW OF THE WRIST/HAND REGION......Page 349
ARCHES OF THE HAND......Page 350
CARPAL TUNNEL......Page 351
DORSAL DIGITAL EXPANSION......Page 352
MIDCARPAL JOINT......Page 353
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 354
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE WRIST
JOINT COMPLEX......Page 355
CMC JOINT MOTION......Page 358
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 359
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 360
BONES......Page 361
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 362
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE SADDLE JOINT OF
THE THUMB......Page 364
INTERMETACARPAL LIGAMENTS......Page 365
BONES......Page 367
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 368
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS......Page 369
MAJOR MOTIONS ALLOWED......Page 370
MAJOR LIGAMENTS OF THE
INTERPHALANGEAL (IP) JOINTS......Page 372
MISCELLANEOUS......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 375
CHAPTER 11. Attachments and Actions of Muscles......Page 376
SECTION 11.1 OVERVIEW OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE BODY......Page 381
TRAPEZIUS (“TRAP”)......Page 383
LEVATOR SCAPULAE......Page 384
PECTORALIS MINOR......Page 385
DELTOID......Page 386
PECTORALIS MAJOR......Page 387
TERES MAJOR......Page 388
INFRASPINATUS (OF ROTATOR CUFF GROUP)......Page 389
SUBSCAPULARIS (OF ROTATOR CUFF GROUP)......Page 390
BRACHIALIS......Page 391
BRACHIORADIALIS (OF RADIAL GROUP)......Page 392
ANCONEUS......Page 393
PRONATOR TERES......Page 394
SUPINATOR......Page 395
PALMARIS LONGUS (OF WRIST
FLEXOR GROUP)......Page 396
EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
(OF WRIST EXTENSOR AND RADIAL GROUPS)......Page 397
EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS (OF WRIST
EXTENSOR GROUP)......Page 398
FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS......Page 399
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM......Page 400
ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS (OF DEEP
DISTAL FOUR GROUP)......Page 401
EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS (OF DEEP DISTAL
FOUR GROUP)......Page 402
EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS (OF DEEP DISTAL
FOUR GROUP)......Page 403
FLEXOR POLLICIS BREVIS (OF THENAR
EMINENCE GROUP)......Page 404
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI MANUS
(OF HYPOTHENAR EMINENCE GROUP)......Page 405
OPPONENS DIGITI MINIMI (OF HYPOTHENAR
EMINENCE GROUP)......Page 406
LUMBRICALS MANUS (OF CENTRAL
COMPARTMENT GROUP)......Page 407
DORSAL INTEROSSEI MANUS (OF CENTRAL
COMPARTMENT GROUP)......Page 408
PALMARIS BREVIS......Page 409
ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP......Page 410
ILIOCOSTALIS (OF ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP)......Page 411
LONGISSIMUS (OF ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP)......Page 412
SPINALIS (OF ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP)......Page 413
TRANSVERSOSPINALIS GROUP......Page 414
SEMISPINALIS
(OF TRANSVERSOSPINALIS GROUP)......Page 415
MULTIFIDUS
(OF TRANSVERSOSPINALIS GROUP)......Page 416
INTERSPINALES......Page 417
INTERTRANSVERSARII......Page 418
ANTERIOR SCALENE (OF SCALENE GROUP)......Page 419
POSTERIOR SCALENE (OF SCALENE GROUP):......Page 420
LONGUS CAPITIS (OF PREVERTEBRAL GROUP)......Page 421
RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS
(OF PREVERTEBRAL GROUP)......Page 422
SPLENIUS CERVICIS:......Page 423
OBLIQUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR
(OF SUBOCCIPITAL GROUP)......Page 424
QUADRATUS LUMBORUM (QL)......Page 425
EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE
(OF ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL)......Page 426
TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS (OF ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL)......Page 427
PSOAS MINOR......Page 428
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS......Page 429
DIAPHRAGM......Page 430
SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR......Page 431
SUBCOSTALES......Page 432
MASSETER......Page 433
MEDIAL PTERYGOID......Page 434
MYLOHYOID (OF HYOID GROUP)......Page 435
STYLOHYOID (OF HYOID GROUP)......Page 436
STERNOTHYROID (OF HYOID GROUP)......Page 437
OMOHYOID (OF HYOID GROUP)......Page 438
TEMPOROPARIETALIS (OF EPICRANIUS)......Page 439
ORBICULARIS OCULI......Page 440
CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII......Page 441
NASALIS......Page 442
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI......Page 443
ZYGOMATICUS MINOR......Page 444
LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS......Page 445
DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS......Page 446
MENTALIS......Page 447
ORBICULARIS ORIS......Page 448
PSOAS MAJOR (OF ILIOPSOAS)......Page 449
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE (TFL)......Page 450
PECTINEUS (OF ADDUCTOR GROUP)......Page 451
GRACILIS (OF ADDUCTOR GROUP)......Page 452
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS (OF ADDUCTOR GROUP)......Page 453
GLUTEUS MEDIUS (OF GLUTEAL GROUP)......Page 454
PIRIFORMIS (OF DEEP LATERAL ROTATOR GROUP)......Page 455
OBTURATOR INTERNUS
(OF DEEP LATERAL ROTATOR GROUP)......Page 456
QUADRATUS FEMORIS
(OF DEEP LATERAL ROTATOR GROUP)......Page 457
VASTUS LATERALIS
(OF QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP)......Page 458
VASTUS INTERMEDIUS
(OF QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP)......Page 459
BICEPS FEMORIS (OF HAMSTRING GROUP)......Page 460
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS (OF HAMSTRING GROUP)......Page 461
POPLITEUS......Page 462
FIBULARIS TERTIUS......Page 463
FIBULARIS BREVIS......Page 464
SOLEUS (OF TRICEPS SURAE GROUP)......Page 465
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR (TOM OF TOM, DICK , AND HARRY GROUP)......Page 466
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS......Page 467
FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS (HARRY OF TOM, DICK , AND HARRY GROUP)......Page 468
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS BREVIS......Page 469
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI PEDIS......Page 470
QUADRATUS PLANTAE......Page 471
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS......Page 472
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS......Page 473
DORSAL INTEROSSEI PEDIS......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
CHAPTER 12.
Anatomy and Physiology of
Muscle Tissue......Page 476
SKELETAL MUSCLE—THE BIG PICTURE......Page 478
SECTION 12.2 TISSUE COMPONENTS OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE......Page 479
SECTION 12.3 SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS......Page 480
SECTION 12.4 MUSCULAR FASCIA......Page 481
SECTION 12.5 MICROANATOMY OF MUSCLE FIBER/SARCOMERE STRUCTURE......Page 482
SECTION 12.6 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM......Page 483
OXYGEN DEBT......Page 485
SECTION 12.8 NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION......Page 486
SECTION 12.9 MOTOR UNIT......Page 488
SECTION 12.10 ALL-OR-NONE–RESPONSE LAW......Page 489
MYOSIN FILAMENT IN MORE DETAIL......Page 490
TITIN......Page 492
SECTION 12.12 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM IN MORE DETAIL......Page 493
SECTION 12.13 RED AND WHITE MUSCLE FIBERS......Page 495
SECTION 12.14 MYOFASCIAL MERIDIANS AND TENSEGRITY......Page 496
TENSEGRITY......Page 503
REFERENCES......Page 506
CHAPTER 13.
How Muscles Function: the Big Picture......Page 507
SECTION 13.1 “BIG PICTURE” OF MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......Page 508
SECTION 13.2 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS AND SHORTENS?......Page 509
FIVE-STEP APPROACH TO LEARNING MUSCLES......Page 511
VISUAL AND KINESTHETIC EXERCISE FOR
LEARNING A MUSCLE’S ACTIONS......Page 512
SCENARIO 2—A MUSCLE WITH ONE LINE OF
PULL IN AN OBLIQUE PLANE......Page 513
CAN A MUSCLE CHOOSE WHICH OF ITS
ACTIONS WILL OCCUR?......Page 514
SECTION 13.6 FUNCTIONAL GROUP APPROACH TO LEARNING MUSCLE ACTIONS......Page 515
REMINDER ABOUT REVERSE ACTIONS......Page 516
FRONTAL PLANE......Page 517
TRANSVERSE PLANE......Page 518
SECTION 13.8 OFF-AXIS ATTACHMENT METHOD FOR DETERMINING ROTATION ACTIONS......Page 519
SECTION 13.9 TRANSFERRING THE FORCE OF A MUSCLE’S CONTRACTION
TO ANOTHER JOINT......Page 520
CAN A MUSCLE’S ACTION CHANGE?......Page 522
REFERENCES......Page 525
CHAPTER 14
Types of Muscle Contractions......Page 526
SECTION 14.1 OVERVIEW OF THE TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS......Page 527
SECTION 14.2 CONCENTRIC, ECCENTRIC, AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION EXAMPLES......Page 529
BRIEF REVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONTROL OF A MUSCLE......Page 530
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SLIDING
FILAMENT MECHANISM......Page 531
WHEN DO CONCENTRIC
CONTRACTIONS OCCUR?......Page 532
ANALOGY TO DRIVING A CAR......Page 533
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS—LENGTHENING
CONTRACTIONS......Page 535
WHEN DO ECCENTRIC CONTRACTIONS
OCCUR?......Page 536
ANALOGY TO DRIVING A CAR......Page 537
CONCLUSION......Page 538
SECTION 14.7 MOVEMENT VERSUS STABILIZATION......Page 539
REFERENCES......Page 541
CHAPTER 15.
Roles of Muscles......Page 542
SECTION 15.1 MOVER MUSCLES......Page 544
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 545
DETERMINING HOW AN
ANTAGONIST LENGTHENS......Page 546
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 547
ROLE OF GRAVITY IN THE
ACTION IN QUESTION......Page 548
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 549
FIXATORS AND NEUTRALIZERS......Page 550
SECTION 15.5 FIXATOR/STABILIZER MUSCLES......Page 551
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 553
HOW DOES CORE STABILIZATION CREATE
STRONGER AND MORE EFFICIENT
MOVEMENTS OF OUR BODY?......Page 554
HOW DOES CORE STABILIZATION CREATE
A HEALTHIER SPINE?......Page 555
SECTION 15.7 NEUTRALIZER MUSCLES......Page 556
SECTION 15.8 STEP-BY-STEP METHOD FOR DETERMINING FIXATORS AND NEUTRALIZERS......Page 558
SECTION 15.9 SUPPORT MUSCLES......Page 560
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 561
SYNERGIST/ANTAGONIST—EXAMPLE 1......Page 562
SECTION 15.11 COORDINATING MUSCLE ROLES......Page 563
SECTION 15.12 COUPLED ACTIONS......Page 566
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 567
REFERENCES......Page 569
CHAPTER 16.
Types of Joint Motion and Musculoskeletal Assessment......Page 570
SECTION 16.1 ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION......Page 571
END-FEEL......Page 572
SECTION 16.2 RESISTED MOTION/MANUAL RESISTANCE......Page 574
MANUAL RESISTANCE......Page 575
ORDER OF ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES......Page 576
FIVE-STEP MUSCLE PALPATION GUIDELINE......Page 577
SECTION 16.5 DO WE TREAT MOVERS OR ANTAGONISTS?......Page 579
SECTION 16.6 DO WE TREAT SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS?......Page 580
ANATOMY OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE......Page 582
SOME KEY TERMS DEFINED......Page 583
A FEW STATISTICS TERMS......Page 584
REFERENCES......Page 586
CHAPTER 17.
Determining the Force of a Muscle Contraction......Page 587
SECTION 17.1 PARTIAL CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE......Page 589
LONGITUDINAL AND PENNATE
MUSCLES COMPARED......Page 590
SECTION 17.4 ACTIVE INSUFFICIENCY......Page 593
LENGTHENED ACTIVE INSUFFICIENCY......Page 594
SECTION 17.5 LENGTH-TENSION AND FORCE-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP CURVES......Page 595
LEVERAGE......Page 597
LEVERAGE IN THE HUMAN BODY......Page 598
LEVER ARM DEFINITION REFINED......Page 599
SECTION 17.8 CLASSES OF LEVERS......Page 600
FIRST-, SECOND-, AND THIRD-CLASS LEVERS......Page 601
SECTION 17.9 LEVERAGE OF RESISTANCE FORCES......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 606
CHAPTER 18.
Biomechanics......Page 607
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURE
(ANATOMY) AND FUNCTION (BIOMECHANICS
AND PHYSIOLOGY), MOBILITY AND STABILITY......Page 609
OPTIMIZING HUMAN POSTURE AND
MOVEMENT THROUGH A QUALITATIVE
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS......Page 610
WHAT ARE FORCES?......Page 611
HOW DOES THE BODY ADAPT TO MECHANICAL
STRESS? TRACTION, COMPRESSION, SHEARING,
TWISTING, AND BENDING......Page 612
THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS IN
MECHANICS (MEASURING SPACE, TIME,
AND MATTER)......Page 614
SCALARS AND VECTORS......Page 615
DESCRIBING POSITION AND DIRECTION IN
3D SPACE......Page 616
DESCRIBING LINEAR MOTION—LINEAR
KINEMATICS (DISTANCE VERSUS
DISPLACEMENT)......Page 617
DESCRIBING HOW FAST AN OBJECT
MOVES—LINEAR KINEMATICS (SPEED
VERSUS VELOCITY)......Page 618
DESCRIBING HOW FAST AN OBJECT
CHANGES SPEED—LINEAR AND ANGULAR
ACCELERATION......Page 620
NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION......Page 621
REVISITING FORCES ON THE HUMAN BODY......Page 622
GROUND REACTION FORCES......Page 624
ANALYZING THE HUMAN BODY VIA A
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM......Page 625
REFERENCES......Page 627
CHAPTER 19.
The Neuromuscular System......Page 628
SECTION 19.1 OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 630
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE......Page 631
FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 632
INITIATION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT......Page 634
INITIATION OF REFLEX MOVEMENT......Page 635
SECTION 19.3 RECIPROCAL INHIBITION......Page 637
SECTION 19.4 OVERVIEW OF PROPRIOCEPTION......Page 638
JOINT PROPRIOCEPTORS......Page 640
SECTION 19.6 MUSCLE SPINDLES......Page 641
SECTION 19.7 GOLGI TENDON ORGANS......Page 644
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 645
STATIC PROPRIOCEPTION......Page 646
ESSENTIAL FACTS......Page 648
FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL REFLEX......Page 649
CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX......Page 650
CUTANEOUS REFLEX......Page 651
SPASM DOES NOT GO AWAY......Page 652
CONTINUED SPASM CAUSES FURTHER PAIN......Page 653
SECTION 19.11 GATE THEORY......Page 654
REFERENCES......Page 656
CHAPTER
20. Posture and the Gait Cycle......Page 658
SECTION 20.1 IMPORTANCE OF “GOOD POSTURE”......Page 659
FRONTAL PLANE POSTURAL EXAMINATION (POSTERIOR PLUMB LINE)......Page 660
EXAMPLES OF POSTURAL DISTORTIONS......Page 661
CONSEQUENTIAL SECONDARY
POSTURAL DISTORTIONS......Page 663
COMPENSATORY SECONDARY POSTURAL
DISTORTIONS......Page 664
TIGHTENED ANTAGONIST MUSCLES......Page 665
QUESTIONABLE IMPORTANCE OF STATIC
POSTURAL ANALYSIS......Page 666
GAIT CYCLE PHASES AND LANDMARKS......Page 667
SECTION 20.8 MUSCULAR ACTIVITY DURING THE GAIT CYCLE......Page 669
HIP JOINT LATERAL ROTATOR MUSCLES......Page 671
KNEE JOINT FLEXOR MUSCLES......Page 672
SUBTALAR JOINT PRONATOR MUSCLES......Page 673
REFERENCES......Page 675
CHAPTER 21.
Common Postural Distortion Patterns......Page 676
ETIOLOGY......Page 678
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 679
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 681
EFFECTS......Page 682
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 683
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 684
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 686
ETIOLOGY......Page 687
ETIOLOGY......Page 688
EFFECTS......Page 689
ETIOLOGY......Page 690
EFFECTS......Page 691
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 692
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 693
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 694
DEFINITION......Page 695
DEFINITION......Page 696
DEFINITION......Page 697
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 698
TREATMENT APPROACH......Page 699
REFERENCES......Page 700
CHAPTER 22.
Stretching......Page 702
1. WHAT IS STRETCHING?......Page 703
2. WHY IS STRETCHING DONE?......Page 704
3. HOW DO WE FIGURE OUT HOW TO
STRETCH MUSCLES?......Page 705
5. WHEN SHOULD STRETCHING BE DONE?......Page 706
SECTION 22.2 BASIC STRETCHING TECHNIQUES: STATIC STRETCHING
VERSUS DYNAMIC STRETCHING......Page 707
SECTION 22.3 ADVANCED STRETCHING TECHNIQUES: PIN AND STRETCH TECHNIQUE......Page 709
CONTRACT RELAX STRETCHING......Page 710
AGONIST CONTRACT (AC) STRETCHING......Page 711
CONCLUSION......Page 712
REFERENCES......Page 715
CHAPTER
23. Principles of Strengthening Exercise......Page 716
DEFINING EXERCISE......Page 718
REASONS FOR EXERCISE......Page 719
STABILIZATION EXERCISES......Page 720
OPEN VERSUS CLOSED KINETIC
CHAIN EXERCISES......Page 721
BODYWEIGHT RESISTANCE......Page 722
EXTERNAL RESISTANCE......Page 725
REP RANGES......Page 732
AEROBIC VERSUS ANAEROBIC EXERCISES......Page 733
TIME UNDER TENSION AND TEMPO......Page 734
WORKLOAD......Page 735
RECOVERY......Page 736
JOINT ANGLE AND GRAVITY......Page 737
PROPER FORM......Page 738
TRAINING FOR SPECIFICITY......Page 740
CHOOSING A PROGRAM......Page 741
GENERAL TIPS FOR A NEW CLIENT......Page 742
SPECIAL TOOLS/AIDS......Page 744
REFERENCES......Page 749
Index......Page 750
