Key Topics in Landscape Ecology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 15
PART I Introduction......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2 Key issues and research topics in landscape ecology......Page 22
References......Page 26
PART II Key topics and perspectives......Page 27
2.2 Data advances in past two decades......Page 29
2.3.1 More powerful computers and associated technology......Page 31
2.3.5 Remote sensing sensors......Page 32
2.3.6 Data clearing houses......Page 33
2.5 Issues of data quality......Page 34
2.5.1 Sources of uncertainty in spatial data......Page 36
2.5.2 Considering uncertainty in landscapemodels......Page 38
2.6.1 Strengthen capacity to collect ground information......Page 39
2.6.3 Design efficient, multi-tiered sampling designs......Page 40
2.6.5 Develop efficient tools for strategic ground sampling......Page 42
2.6.7 Enhance and categorize methods to interpolate/extrapolate point-level data across landscapes......Page 43
2.6.8 Develop techniques to best acquire and archive information on landscape history......Page 45
2.6.9 Determine appropriate methods to merge and analyze data acquired at different scales......Page 46
2.6.12 Develop and test theory and methods of uncertainty analysis of landscape data......Page 47
2.6.14 Devise methods to assess the effects of varying data quality and grain size on the outputs of landscape pattern analysis,model simulations, and resultant decisions......Page 48
References......Page 49
3.1 Introduction......Page 57
3.2 General classification of LPA methods......Page 58
3.3 Key components of spatial pattern in relation to LPA......Page 59
3.4.2 Relationship between pattern and process......Page 62
3.4.3 Ecological relevance of categorical data and landscape metrics......Page 64
3.5.1 Correspondence between landscape measures and pattern attributes......Page 67
3.5.2 Relationships among LPA methods......Page 68
3.5.3 Changes of landscape measures with respect to scale......Page 69
3.6 Limitations and challenges of LPA......Page 70
3.6.2 Establishing relationships between pattern and process......Page 71
3.6.3 Improving prediction based on known spatial heterogeneity......Page 72
3.6.4 Determining the significance of differences between two landscapes......Page 73
3.7 Concluding remarks......Page 75
References......Page 77
4.1 Introduction......Page 80
4.2 Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of process rates......Page 81
4.3 Influence of land-use legacies......Page 83
4.4 Lateral fluxes in landscape mosaics......Page 86
4.5 Linking species and ecosystems......Page 88
4.6 Concluding comments......Page 89
Acknowledgments......Page 90
References......Page 91
5.2 Levins’ metapopulation model......Page 96
5.3 Spatially realistic metapopulation models......Page 98
5.4 PVA tools based on the metapopulation framework......Page 100
5.5.1 Matrix quality......Page 101
5.5.2 Matrix heterogeneity......Page 104
5.5.3 When should population models includematrix quality
and heterogeneity?......Page 105
References......Page 107
6.1 Introduction......Page 110
6.2.1 Model overview......Page 111
6.2.3 Dispersal......Page 112
6.2.4 Competition......Page 115
6.2.5.1 Truncation effects for different dispersal kernels......Page 116
6.2.5.3 Effect of competition......Page 117
6.3.1 Truncation effects for different dispersal kernels......Page 118
6.3.2 Effect of corridor width and gaps......Page 120
6.3.4 Fractalmaps factorial......Page 121
6.4 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 125
References......Page 129
7.1 Introduction......Page 133
7.2 Concepts of scale and scaling......Page 134
7.3.1 Characteristic scales and scale effects......Page 137
7.3.2 The MAUP......Page 138
7.3.3 The “ecological fallacy"......Page 139
7.3.4 Towards a more comprehensive understanding of scale effects......Page 141
7.4 Theory and methods of scaling......Page 142
7.4.1.1 Similarity analysis......Page 143
7.4.1.2 Allometric scaling......Page 144
7.4.2.1 Upscaling methods......Page 146
7.4.2.2 Downscaling methods......Page 149
7.4.3 Uncertainty analysis......Page 151
7.5 Discussion and conclusions......Page 152
References......Page 154
8.1 Introduction......Page 161
8.2.1 Adjacency constraints......Page 162
8.2.2 Spatial enhancement of the natural reserve-selection models......Page 163
8.2.3 Direct approaches to spatial optimization......Page 164
8.2.4 Heuristicmanipulation of simulation models......Page 167
8.3 Critical research questions......Page 169
8.3.1 Randomness......Page 170
8.3.2 Organism movement......Page 171
8.3.3 Monitoring of spatially explicit plans......Page 172
8.3.4 Multiple species/community levelmodels......Page 173
8.3.5 Synthesis......Page 174
8.4 Conclusion......Page 175
References......Page 176
9.1 Introduction......Page 179
9.2.1 Source of examples......Page 180
9.2.2 Defining landscape condition......Page 181
9.3.1 Key challenge 1: detecting changes in landscape condition
at multiple scales......Page 182
9.3.2 Key challenge 2: flow-on effects at multiple scales......Page 184
9.3.3 Key challenge 3: ecological processes driving landscape change......Page 186
9.4 Summary......Page 187
References......Page 188
10.1 Introduction......Page 191
10.2 Method......Page 193
10.3 Results......Page 194
10.4.1 The Internet survey......Page 202
10.4.2 Dealing with land use, land cover and change......Page 203
10.4.3 The context of land, landscape, and countryside......Page 204
10.4.4 Issues not covered by the Internet survey......Page 205
10.5 Conclusions: key issues for further integration in landscape ecology......Page 206
References......Page 207
11.1 Introduction......Page 210
11.2.1 Core areas......Page 213
11.2.2 TheWildlands Project......Page 215
11.2.3 Connectivity revisited......Page 216
11.3.1 Trophic relations and interactive species......Page 217
11.3.3 Long-distance biological movement......Page 218
11.3.6 Coastal zone fluxes......Page 219
11.4.1 Dispersive fauna......Page 220
11.4.2 Protected-area and off-reserve management......Page 221
11.4.3 Fire regimemanagement and social values......Page 222
11.4.4 Whole-of-landscape conservation planning......Page 223
11.5 Conclusion......Page 225
References......Page 226
12.1 Introduction......Page 232
12.2 The north Australian frontier......Page 233
12.4 The quadrat is dead......Page 235
12.5 Landscape models: but “there is no there there"......Page 236
12.6 Longing and belonging......Page 237
12.7 Tell me a story......Page 238
12.8.2 This is my land......Page 240
12.9 Conclusion......Page 241
References......Page 242
13.1 Introduction......Page 245
13.2 Context of the case study......Page 247
13.3.1 Step 1: the translation of basic landscape ecological knowledge into
guidelines for single-species corridors......Page 250
13.3.2 Step 2: integration from single species tomulti-species
robust corridors......Page 251
13.3.3 Step 3: developing tools for the implementation of flexible design rules in the planning process......Page 253
13.3.3.1 Defining the ambition level......Page 254
13.3.3.3 Finding the preferred location......Page 255
13.3.3.5 Combining other functions......Page 256
13.4.1 Contribution to key issues......Page 257
13.4.2.1 Step 1: translating basic species ecology into spatial conditions......Page 258
13.4.2.3 Step 3: flexible design rules......Page 259
13.4.3 Impact on the planning process......Page 260
References......Page 261
14.1 Introduction......Page 264
14.3 Defining integrative research approaches......Page 265
14.4 Motivations for integrative landscape studies......Page 268
14.5 What are we trying to integrate?......Page 271
14.6 Organizational barriers to integration......Page 272
14.7 Education and training needs......Page 274
14.9 Themerit system and the products of integrative research......Page 275
14.10 Mapping the boundaries of research......Page 279
14.11 Enhancing integrative landscape ecology research......Page 281
14.12 Conclusion......Page 283
References......Page 284
PART III Synthesis......Page 287
15.1 Introduction......Page 289
15.2.1 The European approach......Page 292
15.2.2 The North American approach......Page 293
15.3 The elusive goal of a unified landscape ecology......Page 295
15.4 Ahierarchical and pluralistic framework for landscape ecology......Page 297
15.5 Discussion and conclusions......Page 302
References......Page 303
Index......Page 306