At a time when Europe is witnessing major cultural, social, economic and political challenges and transformations, this book brings together leading researchers and experts to consider a range of pressing questions relating to the historical origins, contemporary manifestations and future prospects for juvenile justice. Questions considered include:
How has the history of juvenile justice evolved across Europe and how might the past help us to understand the present and signal the future?
What do we know about contemporary juvenile crime trends in Europe and how are nation states responding?
Is punitivity and intolerance eclipsing child welfare and pedagogical imperatives, or is 'child-friendly justice' holding firm?
How might we best understand both the convergent and the divergent patterning of juvenile justice in a changing and reformulating Europe?
How is juvenile justice experienced by identifiable constituencies of children and young people both in communities and in institutions?
What impacts are sweeping austerity measures, together with increasing mobilities and migrations, imposing?
How can comparative juvenile justice be conceptualised and interpreted?
What might the future hold for juvenile justice in Europe at a time of profound uncertainty and flux?
This book is essential reading for students, tutors and researchers in the fields of criminology, history, law, social policy and sociology, particularly those engaged with childhood and youth studies, human rights, comparative juvenile/youth justice, youth crime and delinquency and criminal justice policy in Europe.
Author(s): Barry Goldson
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: xx+264
Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of contents
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
Preface
Part I Past
1 Under pressure? The foundations of children’s courts in Europe
Introduction: contemporary juvenile justice debates in Europe and the importance of historical perspectives
The emergence and development of Children’s Courts in Europe: social, economic and political transformations
The tensions between social justice and social defence
Children of the ‘lower depths’
‘Modern girls’ and the city
‘America’s gift to the world’
The foundational principles of Children’s Courts in Europe: institutional ambiguities
‘Child saving’: a noble mission with a punitive baseline
Adult-child separation: diversifying and expanding modes of intervention?
Judicial power: enlightened despotism?
The children’s judge’s collaborators: probation officers, scientific experts and the.Church
Discussion and conclusions: demystifying contemporary beliefs
Note
References
2 Becoming delinquent? Rethinking the long history of juvenile Justice
Introduction
Juvenile justice developments circa 1788–1908
The Reformatory and Industrial Schools
British juvenile justice historiography
European contexts: policy and practice transfers
Juvenile justice in Europe: continuity and.change
New directions in historical juvenile justice research
Notes
References
3 History, life-course criminology and digital methods: New directions for conceptualising juvenile justice in Europe
Back to the future? Histories of the present
Life-course criminology
Digitising history
New directions for researching the origins and outcomes of juvenile justice in Europe
Notes
References
Part II Present
4 Child-friendly justice: Past, present and future
Introduction
Key principles of child-friendly justice
Drafting the Guidelines on Child-Friendly Justice: consultation with children and young.people
About the children and young.people
The views of the children and young people: information about their rights
Obtaining justice
Decisions made about the children and young people
Key themes
Critiquing the Guidelines
Legal status of the Guidelines
Implementing child-friendly justice
Child-friendly justice: implementation in law and policy
Analysis, conclusions, future directions and challenges
Notes
References
5 Transformations in youth crime and justice across Europe: Evidencing the case for diversion
Introduction
Reductions in rates of ‘crime’ and the European youth justice context
The crime drop and young people: the research evidence
The shrinking client group of European youth justice systems
The policy contexts of system contraction
(i) England
(ii) Scotland
Final reflections on crime reduction and policy
The displacement effect
Reductions in traditional modes of street-based offending
Transformations in the situational context of offending
The cultural dissonance and concentration effects
Police Stop and Search Data
The Edinburgh Study
Impacts of cultural dissonance
The whole-system effect?
Patterns of reconviction
Edinburgh Study findings on long-term impacts
Conclusions
Notes
References
6 Youth justice and youth sanctions in four Nordic.states: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
Introduction
The welfare-based foundations of Nordic youth justice
Turning away from institutionalisation and indeterminate sanctions in the 1960s
Nordic youth justice reforms from the 1990s
Developing new community alternatives
Creating alternatives to (conventional forms of) custody
An overview of contemporary non-custodial sanctions in the Nordic states
Out-of-court sanctions
Court-ordered sanctions
Current trends in Nordic sentencing practices
Comparing sanctioning practices across Nordic states 2014–16: offenders aged 15–17 years and 18–20 years
Out-of-court sanctions: Non-prosecutions and summary fines
Court-ordered sanctions (alternatives to prison)
Custodial sanctions
Concluding remarks
Notes
References
7 Juvenile (in)justice and neoliberal austerity in the European Union
Introduction
Child-friendly justice: rhetoric and reality
Age-appropriate justice
Punishment as a last resort
Alternatives to detention
Non-discrimination
Neoliberalism and the limits to child-friendly justice
Institutional neoliberalism and the limited view of human rights
Neoliberal austerity and welfare retrenchment
Conclusion: beyond injustice?
Notes
References
8 ‘Race’, ethnicity, social class and juvenile justice in Europe
Introduction
What we know and don’t know
Child poverty, parenting and class
Migrant and minority child and youth poverty and the Eurozone crisis
NEET: child and youth transitions across European countries
Poverty, juvenile crime and criminalisation in Europe
Welfare retreat, punitiveness and the increasing racialisation of juvenile justice in Europe
Conclusion
References
9 Illegal young bodies and the failings of liberal democracy: Some reflections on the European Union’s...
Introduction
Forced migration and the denial of rights
The ‘illegalization’ of young bodies
Fortress Europe: a state of exception?
Welcome to dystopia
Build a wall, erect a fence, remove the threat: European Union solidarity remains elusive
The disappeared: protecting an illegal child?
‘Missing’: the systematic exclusion of young undocumented migrants
Illegalization and criminalization
Conclusion
Notes
References
10 Understanding and learning from other systems of juvenile justice in Europe: Describing, explaining and interpreting
Introduction
Why study juvenile justice comparatively?
Description and equivalence
Explanation and salience
Interpretation and reflexivity
Conclusion: learning about leniency
Notes
References
Part III Future
11 Reading the present and mapping the future(s) of juvenile justice in Europe: Complexities and challenges
Introduction
Reading the present: high narratives
Human rights and penal tolerance
Penality and punitivity
The seductions and the limitations of high narratives
Reading the present: finer-grained analysis
Indicators of inter-national difference? The minimum age of criminal responsibility and the rate of penal detention
The significance of sub-national contexts
Mapping the future(s) (1): The changing state of Europe
The reformulation of welfare settlements and welfare state retrenchment
Migrations, immigration and reactionary responses
Key implications for juvenile justice
Mapping the future(s) (2): The changing state of childhood and youth in Europe
Poverty and impoverishment
Unemployment and institutional exclusion
Migration, immigration and criminalization
Key implications for juvenile justice
Mapping the future(s) (3): The changing state of juvenile justice
Conclusions, reflections and speculations
Notes
References
Index
