Junior Physics

Front Cover
Units and Their Conversion
Units and Their Conversion
Title Page
Contents
1
Introduction
1. Nature and Mankind
2. What Is Physics?
3. Body, Substance, Matter
4. Observations and Experiments
5. Physical Quantities. Measurement of PhysicalQuantities
6. Physics,Technology,Nature
Elementary Knowledge of the Structureof Matter
7. The Structure of Matter
8. Molecules
9. Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Solids
10. The Speed of Molecular Motion and the Body Temperature
11. Mutual Attraction and Repulsion of Molecules
12. Three States of Matter
13. The Difference in the Molecular Structure of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Motion and Forces
14. Mechanical Motion
15. Uniform and Nonuniform Motions
16. The Speed of Uniform Motion. Units of Speed
17. Average Speed of Nonuniform Motion
18. Calculating the Path and the Time of Motion
19. Inertia
20. Inertia in Everyday Life and in Engineering
21. Interaction of Bodies
22. The Mass of a Body. Units of Mass
23. Defining the Mass of a Body by Balances
24. The Density of a Substance
25. Calculating the Mass and Volume of a Bodyfrom Its Density
26. Expressing the Density of a Substance in Terms of the Mass of a Molecule and the Number of Molecules in Unit Volume
27. The Force
28. The Gravitation. The Force of Gravity
29*. The Elastic Force. The Weight of a Body
30*. Units of Force. The Relation Between the Force of Gravity and the Mass of a Body
31. A Spring Balance
32. A Force Is a Vector Quantity
33. Addition of Two Forces Directed Along the Same Straight Line. The Resultant of Forces
34. The Friction Force
35. Static Friction
36. Friction in Nature and Engineering
37. Intermolecular Forces. The Wetting Phenomenon
38. Pressure. Units of Pressure
39. Pressure in Nature and Engineering
40. Gas Pressure
Pressure of Fluids(Hydrostatics and Aerostatics)
41. Transmission of Pressure by Fluids. Pascal's Law
42. Free Surface of a Liquid
43. Pressure in Flu ids
44*. Calculating the Pressure of a Liquid on the Bottom and Walls of a Vessel
45. Communicating Vessels
46. The Weight of Air. Atmospheric Pressure
47. The Existence of an Air Envelope of the Earth
48*. Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure. Torricelli's Experiment
49. The Aneroid Barometer
SO. Atmospheric Pressure at Various Altitudes
51. Manometers
52. Piston Pumps
53*. Hydraulic Press
54. How a Fluid Acts on a Body Immersed in lt
55*. Buoyancy. Archimedes' Principle
56. Flotation
57. Why Ships Keep Afloat
58. Aeronautics
Work and Power. Energy
59. Mechanical Work. Units of Work
60. Power. Units of Power
61. Simple Mechanisms
62. A Lever. Equilibrium of Forces on a Lever
63. Levers in Engineering, in Nature and in Everyday Life
64. Application of the Lever Law to a Pulley
65. Equality of the Amounts of Work Done with the Use of Simple Mechanisms. The "Golden Rule" of Mechanics
66. The Efficiency of a Mechanism
67 . Energ y
68. Potential and Kinetic Energies
69*. Transformation of One Kind of Mechanical Energy into Another
2 Heat Phenomena
Heat Transfer and Work
83. States of Aggregation of Matter
70. Thermal Motion
71. Internal Energy
72. Means of Changing the Internal Energy of a Body
73. Heat Conduction
74. Heat Convection
75. Convection in Nature and Engineering
76. Heat Radiation
77. Examples of Heat Transfer
78. Quantity of Heat. Units of the Quantity of Heat
79. Specific Heat Capacity
80. Calculating the Heat Required to Raise the Temperature of a Body and That Given Off by a Cooling Body
81*. Energy of Fuel. Heat of Fuel Combustion
82. The Law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy in Mechanical and Therma lProcesses
Changes in the States of Aggregation of Matter
83. States of Aggregation of Matter
84*. Melting and Solidification of Crystalline Bodies
85. The Graph of Melting and Solidification of Crystalline Bodies
86. Melting and Solidification from the Point of View of Teaching on the Molecular Structure of Matter
87. Specific Heat of Melting
88. Energy Release in Solidification of a Substance
89. Evaporation and Condensation
90*. Absorption of Energy in Evaporation of Liquids and Its Release in Vapour Condensation
91. Boiling
92. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization and Condensation
93. How the Quantities of Heat Can Be Calculated
Heat Engines
94. Work Done by the Expanding Gas or Steam
95. The Internal Combustion Engine
96. The Steam Turbine
97. The Efficiency of a Heat Engine
3 Electricity
Structure of the Atom
98. Contact Electrization of Bodies. An Electric Charge
99. Two Kinds of Charges. Interaction of Charged Bodies
100. The Electroscope. Conductors and Nonconductors of Electricity
101. An Electric Field
102. Divisibility of an Electric Charge
103. loffe's and Millikan's Experiments. The Electron
104. Rutherford's Experiment. The Nuclear Model of an Atom
105. Atomic Structure
106. The Electrization of Bodies Explained
Electric Current. Its Strength, Voltage, and Resistance
107. Electric Current
108. Sources of Electric Cu,.rent
109. An Electric Circuit and Its Components
110. Electric Current in Metals
111. Electric Current in an Electrolytic Solution
112. The Effects of Electric Current
113. The Direction of Electric Current
114. The Current. Units of Current
115. The Ammeter. Measuring the Current
116. The Voltage
117. Units of Voltage
118. The Voltmeter. Measuring the Voltage
119. The Relationship Between Current and Voltage
120. The Resistance of Conductors. Units of Resistance
121. Ohm's Law for a Part of a Circuit
122. Calculating the Resistance of a Conductor. Resistivity
123. Examples of Calculating the Resistances of Conductors, the Current, and the Voltage
124. Rheostats
125. Conductors Connected in Series
126. Conductors Connected in Parallel
Electric Power and Work Done by Electric Current
127. Electric Power
128. Work Done by Electric Current
129. Heating of Conductors by Electric Current. Joule's and Lenz's Law
130. An Incandescent Lamp. Electrical Heating Devices
131. A Short Circuit. Safety Devices
Electromagnetic Phenomena
132. A Magnetic Field
133. The Magnetic Field of a Direct Current. Lines of Magnetic Force
134. The Magnetic Field of a Coil with Current
135. Electromagnets and Their Application
136. Permanent Magnets. The Magnetic Field of Permanent Magnets
137. The Magnetic Field of the Earth
138. The Telephone
139. The Electric Motor
140. The Phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction. Electric Current Generator
141. Use of Electric Power in the USSR
Laboratory VVork
1. Study of a Measuring Glass and Finding the Volume of Liquid with the Aid of a Measuring Glass
2. Finding the Dimensions of Small Bodies
3. Measuring the Mass of a Body on a Beam Balance
4. Finding the Volume of a Body
5. Finding the Density of a Solid
6. Calibrating a Spring and Measuring Forces by a Spring Balance
7. Measuring the Force of Sliding Friction and Comparing lt to the Weight of a Body
8. Determining the Buoyant Force Acting on a Body Immersed in a Fluid
9. The Conditions Necessary for Flotation of a Body in a Liquid
10. The Condition of Equilibrium of a Lever
11. Determining the Efficiency in the Case When a Body Is Lifted along an Inclined Plane
12. Comparing the Quantities of Heat in Mixing Some Quantities of Water at Different Ternperatures
13. Finding the Specific Heat of a Solid
14. Observing the Processes of Melting and Solidification of Crystalline Bodies
15. Setting Up an Electric Circuit and Measuring the Current in Its Various Parts
16. Measuring Voltage in Various Parts of a Circuit
17. Varying the Current by a Rheostat
18. Determining the Resistance of a Conductor by an Ammeter and a Voltmeter
19. Connecting Conductors in Series
20. Connecting Conductors in Parallel
21. Determining the Electric Power of an Electric Lamp
22. Determining the Efficiency of an Installation with an Electric Heater
23. Assembling an Electromagnet and Testing lt
24. Studying the Properties of a Magnet and Obtaining the Patterns of Magnetic Fields
25. Studying the Operation of a Direct-Current Electric Motor
Answers to the Exercises
Material for Supplementary Reading
Brownian Movement
Weight! essness
The Force of Gravity on Other Planets
A Hydrostatic Paradox. Pascal's Experiment
Pressure at the Bottom of Seas and Oceans. Investigation of the Sea Depth
Pneumatic Machines and Tools
The Discgvery of Atmospheric Pressure
A Legend About Archimedes
The Energy of the Moving Water and Wind. Hydraulic and Wind Motors
Use of the Solar Energy on the Earth
Amorphous Bodies. Melting of Amorphous Bodies
Metal Casting
A Refrigerator
Review Questions
Initial Information on the Structure of Matter
Motion and Forces
The Pressure of Fluids
Work and Power. Energy
Thermal Phenomena
Electricity
Answers to the Review Questions
Index
Back Cover Units and Their Conversion