Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
Contributors
1 Introduction: Safety for journalists and self-censorship
Introduction
Self-censorship – a definition
Journalism and self-censorship – current challenges
Technology, social media and self-censorship
Self-censorship and responsibility
The structure of the book – presentation of chapters
References
2 Journalism and self-censorship in the insecure democracies of Central America
Introduction
Self-censorship and journalism
Journalism and democracy
Limitations to media and journalism in the insecure democracies of Central America
Legal constraints
Political constraints
Economic constraints
Professional and organizational constraints
Journalists’ sociopsychological characteristics
Context of violence and press freedom in Central America
Conditions of press freedom in El Salvador
Conditions of press freedom in Guatemala
Conditions of press freedom in Honduras
Violence against journalists and its impact on self-censorship
Conclusion
References
3 Red lines of journalism: Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists’ self-censorship in Pakistan
Introduction
Literature review
Reese’s hierarchy of influence model
The concepts of censorship and journalists’ self-censorship
Journalists’ self-censorship in Pakistan
Methodology
Findings
Journalists’ self-censorship, safety risks and digital surveillance in Pakistan
Key areas of journalists’ self-censorship due to safety risks and digital surveillance
Journalists’ level of awareness for safe digital and encrypted communication
The implications of journalists’ self-censorship for their right to freedom of expression
Discussion and conclusion
Notes
References
4 Chilling or cosy effects?
Zimbabwean journalists’ experiences and the struggle for definition of self-censorship
Introduction
The Zimbabwe Crisis and a restrictive media environment
Censorship/self-censorship and journalism as public service
Definitions and theorization of self-censorship
“Voluntary” self-censorship and the Zimbabwean context
A critical methodology of self-censorship and the public interest
Zimbabwean journalists’ understanding of self-censorship
Editor 1
Journalist A
Journalist B
Journalist C
The practice of self-censorship in Zimbabwean media: Which stories are likely to be affected by self-censorship?
On ideology, editorial interference and newsroom routines
The economic environment
Zimbabwean journalists’ self-censorship over queer sexualities
Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Lèse-majestè and journalism in Turkey and Europe
Introduction
Ottoman lèse-majesté and the tyranny of Sultan Abdülhamid II
Republican era: insulting the President in the “Old Republic”
“Insulting the President” in the current Turkish Penal Code and its application in the Erdoğan era
Lèse-majesté before the ECtHR and recent developments in Europe
Conclusion: judgment of the Constitutional Court and perspectives for the future
References
6 Online surveillance and the repressive Press Council Bill 2018: A two-pronged approach to media self-censorship in Nigeria
Introduction
Cases of assault, monitoring and surveillance in Nigeria
The Nigerian Press Council Bill 2018 (as amended)
Conceptualizing self-censorship, chilling effect and spiral of silence
Methodology
Data analysis and findings
Government surveillance
Government surveillance and free speech
The proposed Press Council Bill and media independence in Nigeria
Journalism under threat
Extent of practising self-censorship
Journalists’ safety measures against self-censorship
Enforcing a culture of silence
Conclusion
References
7 The “triple effect” silencing female journalists online: A theoretical exploration
Introduction
The anonymous patriarchy
Online representation, participation, influence and behaviour
The virtual nonvirtual reality
Silence and self-censorship
Antipress sentiment and attacks on women journalists
Conclusion: A “triple effect”
References
8 A way to silence journalists?
Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment and self-censorship
Introduction
Offline and online behaviour towards journalists
Self-censorship and harassment
Estonian cases and context
Data and method
Discussion of the methodology
Results
Experiences of female journalists
Reactions of female journalists to attacks and self-censorship
Coping with negative experiences
Conclusion
Note
References
9 Risk perception and negotiation of safety among Ugandan female journalists covering political demonstrations
Introduction
Risk, self-censorship and resilience
Safety of women journalists: a focus on previous studies
The media and freedom of the press in Uganda
Ugandan women journalists in context
Methodology
Analysis
Risks facing women journalists
Effects of risks on female journalists
Mechanisms for negotiating risks
Speaking out
Risk assessment
Working in teams
Discussion
Conclusion
References
10 Fear, trauma and local journalists: Implications for media development and peacebuilding
Introduction
Method and theory
Reliance on local journalists
Journalists, fear and trauma
(Local) journalists, censorship and self-censorship
Trauma and self-censorship
Why journalists self-censor
Effects of trauma
Historical trauma
Implications of self-censorship for peacebuilding
Going forward
Addressing fear
Addressing trauma
Addressing historical trauma
Further research
Notes
References
11 Safety and self-censorship: Examining their linkage to social media use among Uganda journalists
Introduction
The Ugandan media landscape, safety and media freedom
Safety and self-censorship
Methodology
Findings: Social media and safety for news organizations
Social media as safe spaces
Social media and physical safety
Discussion and conclusion
Notes
References
12 Defending the watchdog: How local NGOs build journalists’ resilience by combating threats to their safety and security
Introduction
Theoretical perspectives
Media freedom and self-censorship
Resilience and journalists
Key factors in building resilience
Methodology
Analysis
Roles of NGOs in protecting journalists
Advocacy and networking
Training
Providing free legal aid and financial support
Research and documentation
Reflections and conclusion
Notes
References
13 Conclusion: Researching self-censorship caused by inadequate safety of journalists. Causes, solutions and future research
Contextualizing self-censorship today
Causes and consequences
Responsibilities and solutions
References
Index