Journalism and Communication in China and the West: A Study of History, Education and Regulation

Foreword: Deepening Journalism and Communication Studies Through Comparative Analysis
Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 Significance and Method of Studies of Comparative Journalism and Communication
1 The Purpose of Studies of Comparative Journalism and Communication
2 The Object of the Studies of Comparative Journalism and Communication
3 Research Methodology of Comparative Journalism and Communication
Chapter 2 Review of the Journalism and Communication History of the Six Countries: Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan and Russia
1 Historical Process of Journalism and Communication Activities
1.1 Early Communication Activities and Media
1.2 Journalism and Communication Activities in the Era of Capitalism
2 Review of the Journalism and Communication History of the Six Countries Including Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Russia
2.1 Germany
2.1.1 Development of German Journalism Undertakings Before the World War II
2.1.2 Development of Journalism After the End of World War II
Newspapers and Magazines
Radio and Television
2.1.3 Journalism in East Germany Before and After Unification
2.2 The United States
2.2.1 Press in the Colonial Period of North America (from 1690 to 1775)
2.2.2 Period of Party Press (from the 1780s to the 1830s)
2.2.3 Period of Penny Papers (from the 1820s to the 1870s)
2.2.4 Period of “Yellow Journalism” (from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century)
2.2.5 Period of Modern Journalism Undertakings (from the 1920s to the World War II)
2.2.6 Contemporary Journalism Undertakings in the United States (from the 1940s to the Present)
2.2.7 Electronic Media
2.3 The United Kingdom
2.3.1 Early Press Under the Feudal Oppression
2.3.2 Rise of Modern Press
2.3.3 Active Activities of Proletarian Press
2.3.4 Press of the United Kingdom Before and After the World War II
2.4 France
2.4.1 Official and Civilian Newspapers Under the Feudal Rule
2.4.2 Great Development of the Press in the Revolution
2.4.3 Party Newspapers Exposed to Several Ups and Downs After Revolution
2.4.4 Rise of Cheap Newspapers
2.4.5 News Agencies and Radio and TV Undertakings
2.5 Japan
2.5.1 Conversion from Party Newspapers to Commercial Newspapers
2.5.2 Conversion from Modern Press to Contemporary Press
2.5.3 Contemporary Journalism in Japan
2.6 Russia
2.6.1 Russian Journalism Before the Founding of the Soviet Union
2.6.2 Journalism in the Soviet Union
2.6.3 Journalism in Russia After the Disintegration of the Soviet Union
3 Journalism and Communication Undertakings in China
3.1 The Origin and Slow Evolution of Ancient Newspapers
3.2 Introduction of the Modern Press and Rise of the National Press in Modern Times
3.3 Formation and Development of the Modern Press in China
3.4 Development of the Contemporary Press in China
4 The Law of Formation and Development of Journalism and Communication and the Imbalanced Development of the Press in China and the West
4.1 Basic Law of Formation and Development of Journalism and Communication
4.2 Imbalanced Development of the Press in China and the West
Chapter 3 Analysis of Journalism and Communication Ideas in China and the West
1 The Idea on the Nature of Media
1.1 Western Understanding of the Nature of Media
1.2 Chinese Understanding of the Nature of the Media
2 The Idea on the Functions of Media
2.1 Western Understanding of the Functions of News Media
2.2 Chinese Understanding of the Functions of News Media
3 The Idea on the Authenticity of News
3.1 Western Understanding of the Authenticity of News
3.2 Chinese Understanding of the Authenticity of News
4 The Idea on the Communication of News
4.1 Objectivity
4.1.1 Western Discourses on Objectivity
4.1.2 Chinese Understanding of Objectivity
4.2 Impartiality
4.2.1 Western Discourse on Impartiality
4.2.2 Chinese Understanding of Impartiality
4.3 Tendentiousness
4.3.1 Recognition of Tendentiousness in the West
4.3.2 Persistence in Tendentiousness in China
5 The Idea on the News Values
5.1 Western Understanding of News Values
5.2 Chinese Understanding of News Values
6 The Idea on the Propaganda of News
6.1 The “Taboo” of Propaganda in Western Media
6.2 Characteristics of Propaganda in Chinese Media
7 The Idea on Public Opinion of News
7.1 Western Understanding of Public Opinion
7.2 Chinese Understanding of Public Opinion
7.2.1 Definition of Public Opinion
7.2.2 Formation of Public Opinion
7.2.3 Levels of Public Opinion
7.2.4 Characteristics of Public Opinion
7.2.5 Relation Between Public Opinion and News
8 The Idea on the Rights of News
8.1 Freedom of the Press
8.2 Social Responsibility
9 The Idea on the Audience of News
9.1 Western Understanding of the Audience
9.2 Chinese Understanding of the Audience
10 Several Concluding Remarks About the Analysis of Journalism and Communication Ideas
Chapter 4 Differences and Similarities Between the Journalism and Communication Systems in China and the West
1 Analysis of the Ownership of Chinese and Western News Media
1.1 The Forms of Ownership of News Media in Western Countries
1.2 The Forms of Ownership of News Media in China
1.3 Brief Conclusions of the Analysis of the News Media Ownership Forms in China and the West
2 Comparison of the Editorial Policies of Chinese and Western News Media
2.1 Editorial Policies of Western News Media
2.1.1 Editorial Policies of American News Media
2.1.2 Editorial Policies of News Media in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan
France
The United Kingdom
Germany
Japan
2.2 Editorial Policies of Chinese News Media
2.2.1 Editorial Policies Before 1949
2.2.2 Editorial Policies After 1949
2.3 Comparison Between the Editorial Policies of News Media in China and the West
2.3.1 Standpoint and Inclination
2.3.2 Information and Opinions
2.3.3 Satisfying Readers’ Demands
2.3.4 Style and Characteristics
3 Different Organizational Structures of News Media in China and the West
3.1 General Pattern of the Organizational Structure of Western News Media
3.1.1 Newspaper
3.1.2 Radio and Television
3.1.3 News Agency
3.2 Review of the Organizational Structure of American News Media
3.2.1 Editorial Department of the Newspaper
3.2.2 Editorial Department of the Radio
3.2.3 News Department of the Television Station
3.2.4 Manager Department of the Newspaper
3.2.5 Manager Department of the Radio Station
3.2.6 Manager Department of the TV Station
3.3 Evolution of the Organizational Structure of Chinese Media
3.3.1 The Organizational Structure Before 1949
3.3.2 The Organizational Structure After 1949
3.4 Comparison Between the Organizational Structure of News Media in China and the West
3.4.1 Ownership and Management
3.4.2 Editorial Department and Manager Department
3.4.3 News Right and Speech Right
3.4.4 Management Level and Efficiency
Chapter 5 Regulation and Supervision on Journalism and Communication in China and the West
1 Analysis of Journalism and Communication Regulation in China and the West
1.1 The Stick and the Carrot Social Regulation in the United States
1.1.1 Soft Regulation of the American Government on Journalism and Communication
1.1.2 Major Means to Release and Disclose Information
1.1.3 Major Means to Hide and Conceal Information
Win the Leading Figures in the Press over by Being Friendly
Build an Electronic Image and Influence Public Opinion
Strike at the Press When Necessary with the Stick
1.1.4 Hard Regulation of the American Government on Journalism and Communication
News Censorship in Wartime
Confidentiality System
Punishment on Criminal Libel and Sedition
Protection of the Judicial System
Restrictions on Court Reports
Protection of the Property Right
Management of Media Advertisements
Special Management over Radio and TV
1.1.5 Regulation on Journalism and Communication by American Interest Groups and Advertisers
1.1.6 Restriction of American Industrial Organizations on News Communication
1.2 Social Regulation on Journalism and Communication in Japan
1.2.1 Regulation by Law
1.2.2 Regulation by the Government
1.2.3 Regulation by the Political Party
1.2.4 Regulation by the Capital Group
1.2.5 Regulation by the Advertiser
1.2.6 Self-discipline by the Industry
1.3 Social Regulation on Journalism and Communication in Germany
1.3.1 Control of the Information Source
1.3.2 Federal Inspection Office
1.3.3 Television Appraisal Council
1.3.4 Regulation by Law
1.4 Social Regulation on Journalism and Communication in China
1.4.1 Regulation by the Political Party
1.4.2 Regulation by the Government.
Administrative Regulations
Material Allocation
Advertisement Management
Financial Appropriation
News Censorship
1.4.3 Regulation by Law
1.4.4 Regulation by the Group
1.4.5 Regulation by the Industry
1.5 Similarities and Differences Between the Social Regulation on Journalism and Communication in China and the West
1.5.1 China Gives First Place to Regulation by the Political Party, and the West Takes Regulation by Law as the Principal Method
1.5.2 The Regulations on Preventing the Abuse of the Press Freedom Are Relatively Complete in China, While the Regulations on Safeguarding the Freedom of the Press Are More Complete in the West
1.5.3 Difficult Judicial Interpretation of the Party Regulation in China and Practical Administrative Regulations in the West
1.5.4 The Regulation by the Group Is Emerging in China and Is Intensifying in the West
2 Comparison Between the Legal System of Journalism and Communication in China and the West
2.1 The News Legal System in the United States
2.1.1 Characteristics of the News Legal System in the United States
2.1.2 Main Content of the News Legal System in the United States
Legal Provisions on the “Right to Publish”
Principle of “Clear and Present Danger”
Legal Provisions on “Libel”
Regulations on the Criticism Against the Government and Officials
Laws on “Obscenity”
“Fair Trial”
Laws on the Confidentiality of News Source
“Wartime News Censorship”
2.2 Main Content of the Legal System of Journalism and Communication in Germany
2.2.1 The Constitutional Basis of the News Legal System in Germany
2.2.2 Main Content of the News Legal System
The Authority Is Obliged to Provide Information
The Right to Refuse to Provide Evidence
Right of the Editorial Department to Keep Confidential
Right to Covert Interview
Laws About the Public Radio & TV Institution
Restrictions on the Freedom of Expression, Information and Press
Right of Refutation
2.3 Main Content of the Legal System of Journalism and Communication in Japan
2.3.1 Evolution of the News Legal System in Japan
2.3.2 Content of the News Legal System and Relevant Case Laws
2.4 Evolution and Main Content of the Legal System of Journalism and Communication in China
2.4.1 Historical Evolution of the News Legal System in China
2.4.2 Main Content of the News Legal System in China
News Media Apply the Approval and Registration System, and the Information Administration Exercises Its Approval Right According to Law
The Information Administration Exercises the Management Right over the Daily Work of the Publisher and the Radio and TV Station According to Law
Administration of Information
Legal and Administration Regulation on News Operation by Other Government Authorities
2.5 Comparison Between the Legal System of Journalism and Communication in China and the West
2.5.1 Rule of Law and Rule of Man
2.5.2 Legal System and Party Discipline
2.5.3 Protection and Management
2.5.4 Theory and Practice of Internal Press Freedom
3 Comparison Between Journalism and Communication Ethics in China and the West
3.1 Journalism and Communication Ethics and Journalistic Self-discipline in the United States
3.1.1 Sprouting of Journalistic Self-discipline in the United States
3.1.2 Journalistic Self-discipline Organizations in the United States
3.1.3 Code of Journalistic Morals in the United States
3.2 Journalism and Communication Ethics and Journalistic Self-discipline in Germany
3.2.1 German Press and Publishing Commission
3.2.2 Examples of the Complaints Dealt with by the German Press and Publishing Commission
3.3 Journalism and Communication Ethics and Journalistic Self-discipline in Japan
3.3.1 Code of Ethics for Journalism in Japan
3.3.2 Journalistic Ethics Appraisal Organization in Japan
3.4 Journalism and Communication Ethics and Journalistic Self-discipline in China
3.4.1 Review on the Construction of Journalism and Communication Ethics in China
3.4.2 Code of Ethics for Journalism in China
3.5 Brief Comparison Between Journalism and Communication Ethics in China and the West
Chapter 6 Practice Views of Chinese and Western Journalism and Communication
1 Similarities and Differences Between Chinese and Western News Sources and Processing
1.1 Attitude of Chinese and Western News Media Toward News Source
1.2 News Processing of Chinese and Western News Media
2 Different Statuses of News Commentary in China and West
2.1 Status of News Commentary in the West
2.2 Status of News Commentary in China
3 Layout Features of Chinese and Western News Media
3.1 Layout of Western News Media
3.2 Layout of China’s News Media
4 Analysis of Advertising Dissemination Between Chinese and Western News Media
4.1 Advertising Dissemination of Western News Media
4.2 Advertising Dissemination of China’s News Media
5 Some Conclusions on the Practice Views of Chinese and Western Journalism and Communication
Chapter 7 Comparison of Chinese and Western News Education
1 News Education in Western Countries
1.1 The US Journalism Education
1.1.1 Overview of American Journalism Education
1.1.2 Curriculum Setting
1.1.3 Students and Teachers
1.1.4 Teaching Methods
1.1.5 Postgraduate Education and School Ranking
1.1.6 Major News Education Organization
1.1.7 Employment Status
1.2 Journalism Education in Germany
1.2.1 Sources of German Journalists
1.2.2 Characteristics of the Journalism Education in Germany
1.3 Journalism Education in Japan
1.4 Journalism Education in the United Kingdom
1.5 Journalism Education in France
2 Journalism Education in China
2.1 History and Status of Journalism Education in China
2.2 Norms and Curriculum for Journalism Major
2.2.1 Basic Operation Specifications for the Major
2.2.2 Basic Teaching Conditions for the Major
2.2.3 Basic Teaching Requirements
2.3 Improvement of China’s Journalism Education
3 Comparison of Chinese and Western Journalism Education
3.1 Training Objectives
3.2 Curriculum Setting
3.3 Teaching Approach
3.4 Graduation and Employment
3.5 Education Investment
3.6 Government Regulation
Afterword