John Murtagh's General Practice Companion Handbook

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the authors
Laboratory reference values
Normal values: diagnostic guidelines
Abbreviations
A
ABC of general practice
A diagnostic perspective
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain in children
Infantile ‘colic’ (period of infant distress)
Intussusception
Drugs
Mesenteric adenitis
Recurrent abdominal pain
Specific causes of acute abdominal pain
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
Mesenteric artery occlusion
Acute retention of urine
Acute appendicitis
Small bowel obstruction
Large bowel obstruction
Perforated peptic ulcer
Peritonitis
Ureteric colic
Biliary pain
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Acute diverticulitis
Lower abdominal pain in women
Ectopic pregnancy
Ruptured ovarian (Graafian) follicle (Mittelschmerz)
Ruptured ovarian cyst
Acute torsion of ovarian cyst
Pelvic adhesions
Acne
Some topical treatment regimens
Oral antibiotics
Other therapies
Acute allergic reactions
Anaphylaxis and anaphylactic reactions
Angioedema and acute urticaria
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
Addison disease (adrenal insufficiency)
Adolescent health
Depression, parasuicide and suicide
Alcohol problems
Alopecia areata (patchy hair loss)
Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness)
Amnesia (loss of memory)
Transient global amnesia
Anaemia
Classification of anaemia
Microcytic anaemia—MCV ≤ 80 fL
Iron-deficiency anaemia
Thalassaemia
Macrocytic anaemia—MCV > 100 fL
Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anaemia)
Folic acid deficiency
Angina pectoris
Anorectal disorders
Anorectal pain
Anal fissure
Proctalgia fugax
Perianal haematoma
Strangulated haemorrhoids
Perianal abscess
Anorectal lumps
Skin tags
Perianal warts
Internal haemorrhoids
Rectal prolapse
Anal (faecal) incontinence
Anorectal bleeding
Anticoagulants
Anxiety disorders
Generalised anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobic disorders
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Acute stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Aphthous ulcers (canker sores)
Arm and hand pain
Pulled elbow
Tennis elbow
Olecranon bursitis
Trigger finger/thumb
Game keepers thumb (skiers thumb)
Raynaud phenomenon and disorder
Chilblains
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Connective tissue disorders
Crystal arthritis
The spondyloarthropathies
Viral arthritis
Lyme disease and lyme like disease
The vasculitides
Asthma
Pharmacological agents to treat asthma
Maintenance plan for persistent asthma—adult (example)
Asthma action plan (example)
The acute asthma attack
Asthma in children
B
Back pain
Low back pain (LBP)
Vertebral dysfunction with non-radicular pain (non-specific LBP)
Chronic LBP (pain > 3 mths)
Vertebral dysfunction with radiculopathy (sciatica)
Lumbar spondylosis
Spondylolisthesis
The spondyloarthritides
Thoracic back pain
Scheuermann disorder
Idiopathic adolescent scoliosis
Kyphosis
Dysfunction of the thoracic spine
Bad news (breaking bad news)—guidelines
Bereavement and coping with loss
Balanitis (balanoposthitis)
Bed sores (pressure injury)
Belching (aerophagia)
Bell (facial nerve) palsy
Benzodiazepine problems
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Bites and stings
Bite wounds
Snake bites
Spider bites
Human bites and clenched fist injuries
Dog bites (non-rabid)
Cat bites
Bed bug bites
Sandfly (biting midges) bites
Mollusc bite (blue-ringed octopus, cone shell)
Stings
Bee stings
Centipede and scorpion bites/stings
Box jellyfish or sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri)
Irukandji (carukia barnesi) syndrome
‘Blue bottle’ and other stinging jellyfish
Stinging fish
Other bites and stings
Black named disorders
Bladder cancer
Bladder dysfunction (in women during night)
Blepharitis
Body odour
Boils (recurrent)
Breast lumps
Carcinoma of the breast
Fibrocystic disease
Breast cyst
Lactation cysts (galactoceles)
Fibroadenoma
Fat necrosis
Mammary duct ectasia
Phyllodes tumour
Breast pain (mastalgia)
Cyclical mastalgia
Non-cyclical mastalgia
Costochondritis (Tietze syndrome)
Mastitis
Inflammatory breast cancer (mastitis carcinomatosa)
Breast abscess
Breath-holding attacks
Bronchiolitis
Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis
Bruising and bleeding
Purpura
Vascular disorders
Platelet disorders
Coagulation disorders
Bruxism (teeth grinding)
Burning feet syndrome
Burns
Burns to hands
Buruli (aka Bairnsdale) ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans
C
Calf pain
Cancer
Diagnostic triads/tetrads for specific cancers
Metastatic tumours
Cannabis (marijuana)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
‘Cellulite’
Cellulitis
Central nervous system infections (incl. meningitis, encephalitis, abcess)
Bacterial meningitis
Viral meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain abscess
Spinal subdural or epidural abscess
Prion transmitted diseases
Poliomyelitis
Cervical cancer screening
Performing a cervical screening test
Chest pain
Site, radiation and features of chest pain syndromes
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
Key features
Aortic dissection
Pulmonary embolism
Acute pericarditis
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Psychogenic pain
Chilblains
Children: normal developmental milestones
Children: developmental disorders
Growth and puberty problems
Short stature
Tall stature
Growing pains (benign nocturnal limb pain)
Delayed puberty
Precocious puberty
Premature thelarche
Premature adrenarche
Pubertal breast hyperplasia
Intellectual disability
Cerebral palsy
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome (FXS)
Prader–Willi syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Williams syndrome
Specific learning disabilities (SLDs)
Dyslexia
Autism spectrum disorders
Child abuse
Childhood: common infectious diseases
Skin eruptions
Measles
Rubella
Scarlet fever
Viral exanthema (fourth syndrome)
Erythema infectiosum (fifth syndrome)
Roseola infantum (exanthema subitum or sixth syndrome)
Chickenpox (varicella)
Hand, foot and mouth (HFM) disease
Kawasaki disease
Others
Mumps (epidemic parotitis)
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Children: special observations
The child as a barometer of the family
Failure to thrive (FTT)
Children’s behaviour disorders
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Breath-holding attacks
Conduct disorders
Crying and fussing in infants
Habit cough
Head banging or rocking
Oppositional defiant disorder
Parasomnias (night terrors, sleep talking and walking)
Poor eating
Sleep disorders
Stealing
Stuttering and stammering
Temper tantrums
Tics (habit spasm)
Tourette disorder
Children: surgical problems
Plagiocephaly (flat head syndrome)
Ear, nose, face and oral cavity
Prominent bat/shell ears
Facial deformity
External angular dermoid
Cleft lip and cleft palate
Nasal disorders
Tongue tie
Pre-auricular sinus
Branchial sinus/cyst/fistula
Eyes
Strabismus (squint)
Blocked nasolacrimal duct
Neck lumps
Sternomastoid tumour/fibrosis
Thyroglossal cyst
Lymphatic malformation/cystic hygroma
Cervical lymphadenopathy
MAIS (Mycobactyerium AIS) lymphadenitis
Congenital heart disorders
Ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of aorta
Hernias and genital disorders
Hernias
Hydroceles
Hypospadias
Foreskin and circumcision
Children: neonatal leg and foot abnormalities
Developmental dysplasia of hip
Club foot (congenital talipes equinovarus)
Flat feet (pes plano valgus)
Curly toes
Children: special senses
Visual problems
Amblyopia
Strabismus (squint)
Hearing problems
Optimal times for surgery/intervention in early children’s disorders
Children’s emergencies
Meningitis or encephalitis
Acute epiglottitis
Acute heart failure
Poisoning
Swallowed foreign objects
Inhaled foreign bodies with choking
Management of other emergencies
Collapse in children
Pulse oximetry and oxygen saturation
Children’s skin and hair disorders
Neonatal period and early infancy
Toxic erythema of newborn
Transient neonatal pustular dermatosis
Naevus flammeus (salmon patch)
Capillary malformation (port wine stain)
Infantile haemangioma (strawberry naevus)
Sebaceous hyperplasia
Naevus sebaceous
Congenital naevi
Benign juvenile melanoma
Milia
Miliaria (‘sweat rash’)
Sucking blisters
Umbilical granuloma
Breast hyperplasia
Frey’s syndrome
Common childhood skin problems
Hair disorders
Loose anagen (growing hair) syndrome
Traction alopecia
Trichotillomania (hair pulling)
Localised alopecia areata
Tinea capitis
Chloasma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cold sores
Common cold (acute coryza)
Communication and consulting skills (or how to prevent litigation)
Concussion
Conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis
Primary herpes simplex infection
Allergic conjunctivitis
Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis (trachoma)
Constipation
Idiopathic (functional) constipation
Colorectal cancer (CRC)
Contact dermatitis
Contraception
Cough
Key features
Cough in children
Bronchial carcinoma
Bronchiectasis
Tuberculosis
Symptomatic treatment of cough
Counselling skills
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
Court appearance
‘Cracked’ skin
Cracked and dry lips
Cracked hands and fingers
Cracked heels
Cramps (nocturnal cramps in legs)
Cranial nerves
Croup
Crying baby
D
Dandruff
Persistent dandruff
Deafness and hearing loss
Deafness in children
Otosclerosis
Noise-induced hearing loss
Presbyacusis
Wax impaction
Depression
Notes about antidepressants
Dermatitis/eczema
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Other types of atopic dermatitis
Nummular (discoid) eczema
Pityriasis alba
Lichen simplex chronicus
Dyshydrotic dermatitis (pompholyx)
Asteatotic dermatitis (‘winter itch’)
Dermatitis of hands
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycaemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diarrhoea
Specific conditions
Pseudomembranous colitis (antibiotic-associated diarrhoea)
Ischaemic colitis in the elderly
Diarrhoea in children
Acute gastroenteritis
Toddlers diarrhoea (‘cradle crap’)
Chronic diarrhoea in children
Acute gastroenteritis in adults
Traveller’s diarrhoea
Inflammatory bowel disease
Difficult, demanding and angry patients
Diplopia
Cranial nerves in general (with function)
Disturbed patients
Dementia (chronic organic brain syndrome)
The acutely disturbed patient
Delirium (acute organic brain syndrome)
The acute psychotic patient
Bipolar disorder
Diverticular disease
Dizziness/vertigo
Vertigo
Giddiness
Syncopal episodes
Disequilibrium
Specific causes of dizziness
Drugs
Cervical spine dysfunction
Acute vestibulopathy (vestibular failure)
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Ménière syndrome
Vestibular migraine (migrainous vertigo)
Recurrent vestibulopathy
Dizzy turns in elderly women
Dizzy turns in girls in late teens
Domestic (intimate partner) violence
Drugs—illicit substance abuse
Dry eyes
Dry hair
Dry mouth
Dry skin
Dyslipidaemia
Dysmenorrhoea (primary)
Dyspareunia
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Dyspepsia in children
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
Dyspepsia in adults
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
Functional (non-ulcer) dyspepsia
Peptic ulcer disease
NSAIDs and peptic ulcers
Dysphagia
Dyspnoea
Key investigations for dyspnoea
Pulmonary function tests
Interstitial lung diseases
Sarcoidosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Hypersensitive pneumonitic (extrinsic allergic alveolitis)
Occupational pulmonary disease
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Dystonia
Dysuria and frequency
E
Ear pain
Key features
Otitis media in children
Otitis media in adults
Otitis externa
Furunculosis
Perichondritis
Infected earlobe
Otic barotrauma
Ectropion
Elderly patients
‘Rules of 7’ for assessment of the non-coping elderly patient
The mini-mental state examination
Falls in the elderly
Electrolyte/metabolic disorders
Emergency management of key medical conditions
Encopresis (faecal incontinence in children)
Endocarditis
Endocrine—overview of conditions
Triads/tetrads for syndromes related to pituitary hormones
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pituitary
Other endocrine related
Endometriosis
Entropion
Enuresis (bed-wetting)
Nocturnal enuresis
Epilepsy
Tonic-clonic seizures
Absence seizure
Complex partial seizures
Simple partial seizures
Status epilepticus
Epistaxis: treatment techniques
Erectile dysfunction
Erysipelas
Eye: dry
Eye pain and redness
Red eye in children
Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)
Trachoma
Blocked nasolacrimal duct
Orbital cellulitis
Red eye in adults
Conjunctivitis
Episcleritis and scleritis
Uveitis (iritis)
Acute glaucoma
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
Flash burns
Eyelid and lacrimal disorders
Stye
Chalazion (meibomian cyst)
Blepharitis
Dacryocystitis
Dacroadenitis
Eyelashes: ingrowing (trichiasis)
Eyelid ‘twitching’ or ‘jumping’
Eyes: flash burns
F
Facial pain
Cervical spinal dysfunction
Dental disorders
Alveolar osteitis (dry tooth socket)
Pain from paranasal sinuses
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction
Trigeminal neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Facial migraine (lower half headache)
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia
Atypical facial pain
Fatty liver
Fever and chills
Fever of less than 3 days duration
Fever present for 4–14 days
Fever in children
Febrile convulsions
Fever of undetermined origin (FUO)
Fibroids (leiomyoma)
Fibromyalgia syndrome
Flatus: excessive
Floaters and flashers of eyes
Folliculitis
Foot odour (smelly and sweaty feet)
Foot pain (podalgia)
Vascular causes
Complex regional pain syndrome 1
Osteoid osteoma
Osteochondritis/aseptic necrosis
Skin disorders
Arthritic conditions
Foot strain
Plantar fasciitis
Metatarsalgia
Stress fractures
Morton neuroma
Foot ache
Callus, corn and wart
Turf toe
Ingrowing toenails
Paronychia
Freckles and lentigines (sun spots)
Frostbite
G
Gambling
Ganglion
Gastroenteritis
Gastroparesis (gastropathy) in adults
Genetic disorders
Familial cancer
Genital herpes
Genital warts
Geographical tongue (erythema migrans)
Gingivitis
Glandular fever
Epstein–Barr mononucleosis (EBM)
Globus hystericus
Gout (monosodium urate crystal disease)
Granuloma annularae
Growing pains
Grover disease
Guillain–Barre syndrome
H
Haematemesis and melaena
Haematuria
Haemochromatosis (primary hereditary)
Haemorrhoids
Hair disorders
Androgenic alopecia
Alopecia areata, alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis
Scarring alopecia
Telogen effluvium
Anagen effluvium
Trichotillomania (hair pulling)
Hair disorders in children
Hirsuties
Hypertrichosis
Dry hair
Oily hair
Halitosis
Hangover
Hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis)
Head banging or rocking in toddlers
Headache
Tension-type headache
Migraine
Transformed migraine
Cluster headache
Cervical dysfunction/spondylosis–cervicogenic headache
Combination headache
Temporal arteritis
Frontal sinusitis
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
Hypertension headache
Benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumour cerebri)
Head injury and unconsciousness
Extradural haematoma
Subdural (epidural) haematoma
Heartburn (dyspepsia)
Heart failure
Diastolic heart failure
Acute severe heart failure
Heel pain
Achilles tendon bursitis
Plantar fasciitis
Achilles tendonopathy/peritendonitis
Partial rupture of Achilles tendon
Complete rupture of Achilles tendon
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Herpes simplex
Herpes labialis (classical cold sores)
Genital herpes
Eczema herpeticum
Herpetic whitlow
Herpes simplex keratitis
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Postherpetic neuralgia
Hiccoughs (hiccups)
Hip pain
Key features: hip and buttock pain
Hip pain in children
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
Perthes disease
Transient synovitis
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Septic arthritis
Hip and buttock pain in the elderly
Osteoarthritis of the hip
Greater trochanteric pain syndrome
Hirsutism
Hives (papular urticaria)
Hoarseness
Human immunodeficiency virus infection
Hypertension
Hyperventilation
Hypoglycaemia
I
Immunisation
Impetigo
Incontinence of urine
Infantile colic
Infertility/subfertility
Referral
Influenza
Ingrowing toenails
Injectable contraceptives
Insect stings
Insomnia
Intertrigo
Groin rash
Candida intertrigo
Erythrasma
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
J
Jaundice
Key history
Infective viral hepatitis
Cholestatic jaundice (bile outflow obstruction)
Jaundice in the infant
Jet lag
Jitters
Jock itch
K
Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
Keloid or hypertrophic scar
Keratoacanthoma
Keratoses (solar and seborrhoeic)
Seborrhoeic keratoses
Solar keratoses
Keratosis pilaris
Kidney disease
Knee pain
Osgood–Schlatter disorder
Chondrocalcinosis of knee (pseudogout)
Meniscal tears
Anterior cruciate ligament rupture
Medial collateral ligament rupture
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Patellar tendonopathy (‘jumper’s knee’)
Localised tendonopathy or bursitis
Osteoarthritis
L
Laryngitis
Lead poisoning (plumbism)
Leg pain
Spinal causes of leg pain
Vascular causes of leg pain
Occlusive arterial disease
Venous disorders
Superficial thrombophlebitis
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
Cellulitis and erysipelas of legs
Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
Nocturnal cramps
Lice infestation
Head lice
Pubic lice
Lichen planus
M
Melanoma
Melasma (chloasma)
Ménière syndrome
Menopause syndrome
Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding)
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
Men’s health: an overview
Metabolic syndrome
Migraine attack
Milker’s nodules
Molluscum contagiosum
‘Monkey muscle’ tear
Morning sickness
Mouth soreness
Gingivitis
Periodontitis
Oral dysaesthesia
Angular chelitis and fissures
Bad taste
Mouth ulcers
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myocardial infarction and NSTEACS
The ECG and myocardial infarction
Myoclonic jerks (periodic limb movement disorder)
N
Nail disorders
Onycholysis
Onychomycosis
Onychogryphosis
Brittle nails
Nail apparatus melanoma
Paronychia
Ingrowing toenails
Subungual haematoma
Nappy rash (diaper dermatitis)
Narcotic (opioid) dependence
Neck pain
Cervical dysfunction
Cervical spondylosis
Acute torticollis
Whiplash syndrome
Needlesticks and sharps injuries
Nightmares (dream anxiety)
Nose
Nasal fractures
Nasal polyps
Nasal vestibulitis
Offensive smell from the nose
Rhinophyma
Senile rhinorrhoea
Stuffy and running nose
Snuffling infant
Nutrition advice
O
Obesity
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Obstetric care
Basic antenatal care
Management of specific issues
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Cramps
Varicose veins
Mineral supplements in pregnancy
Pregnancy-induced hypotension
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Physiological breathlessness of pregnancy
Acute cystitis
Transmissible infections in pregnancy
Rubella
Varicella (chickenpox)
Parvovirus B-19
Cytomegalovirus
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV
Genital herpes
Genital warts
Syphilis
Chlamydia/gonorrhoea
Postnatal care
After pains
Oral contraception
Insufficient milk supply
Engorged breasts
Lactation suppression
Nipples: cracked
Nipples: sore
Postnatal depressive disorders
Postpartum thyroid dysfunction
Hair loss
Oily hair
Opioid (heroin) overdosage
Orf
Osteoporosis
Otitis externa
Otitis media
P
Paget disease (osteitis deformans)
Pain and its management
Neuropathic pain
Systematic approach to pain history
Palliative care
Pain control
Symptom control
Palpitations
Panic attack
Parkinson disease
Pharmacological management
Paronychia
Acute
Chronic
Pelvic inflammatory disease (females)
Clinical features
Investigations
Treatment of PID (sexually acquired)
Non-sexually acquired PID
Pelvic pain
Chronic pelvic pain in women
Perioral dermatitis
Peripheral neuropathy
Guillain–Barre syndrome
Personality disorders
Perspiration: excessive (hyperhidrosis)
Phimosis
Photoageing/wrinkles
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis versicolor (tinea versicolor)
Plantar warts
Pneumonia
Typical pneumonia
The atypical pneumonias
Antibiotic treatment for CAP according to severity
Pneumonia in children
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
Premature ejaculation
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Prickly heat (miliaria/heat rash)
Prostate disorders
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Carcinoma of the prostate
Pruritus (generalised)
Pruritus ani
Pruritus vulvae
Psoriasis
Treatment options
Purpura
R
Rectal bleeding
Refugee health
Restless legs (Ekbom syndrome)
Reye syndrome and aspirin
Rhinosinusitis
Acute URTI rhinosinusitis
Rhinitis medicamentosa
Vasomotor rhinitis
Ringworm
Rosacea
Ross River and Barmah Forest infection
S
Sarcopenia
Scabies
Scrotal pain
Torsion of the testis versus epididymo-orchitis
Acute epididymo-orchitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Septicaemia (sepsis)
Sexually transmitted infections
Syphilis
Urethritis
Shingles
Shoulder pain
Tendonopathy syndromes, subacromial bursitis and adhesive capsulitis
Sinusitis
Skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Bowen disorder (intradermal carcinoma)
Malignant melanoma
Skin eruptions
Acute skin eruptions in children
Secondary syphilis
Primary HIV infection
Guttate psoriasis
Drug eruptions
Erythema multiforme
Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
Erythema nodosum
Hand, foot and mouth (HFM) disease
Sleep disorders
Primary insomnia
Periodic limb movements
Restless legs syndrome
Narcolepsy
Sleep paralysis
Sleep apnoea
Parasomnias
Sleep disorders in children
Smoking/nicotine
Snapping or clinking hip
Snoring
Sore throat
Streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis
Quinsy
Diphtheria (may be seen in recent overseas travellers)
Candida pharyngitis
Spinal dysfunction
Cervical spinal dysfunction
Thoracic spinal dysfunction
Lumbar spinal dysfunction
Splenectomy patients
Sprained ankle
Stinging fish
Stitch in side (precordial catch, Texidor twinge)
Stool/faeces—diagnostic pointers
Stress disorders
Stroke and TIAs (transient ischaemic attacks)
Stroke
Transient ischaemic attacks
Atrial fibrillation and TIAs
Stuttering
Stye in eye
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Sudden unexpected infant death syndrome (SIDS) and ALTE
Apparent life-threatening episode (ALTE)
Sunburn
Sweating
General hyperhidrosis
Axillary hyperhidrosis
Specialist treatments
Syphilis
T
Tampon toxic shock syndrome
Tearduct (nasolacrimal duct) blockage in child
Teething
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Tennis elbow
Tension-type headache
Testicular tumours
Tetanus
Thrombotic disorders and anticoagulation
Thrombophilia
Warfarin
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
Thrush (candidiasis) of mouth
Thumb sucking
Thyroid disorders
Hypothyroidism (myxoedema)
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis)
Neonatal hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
Subacute thyroiditis
Tick bites
Tics
Tinea infections
Tinea capitis
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
Tinea of toenails and fingernails (tinea unguium)
Tinea corporis
Tinea incognito
Tinnitus
Precautions
Investigations
Acute severe tinnitus
Those for investigation
Tiredness/fatigue
Sleep-related disorders
Narcolepsy
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
Tongue disorders
Erythema migrans
Black or hairy tongue
Torticollis (acute wry neck)
Travel medicine and tropical infections
Malaria
Fever in the returned traveller
Traveller’s diarrhoea
Typhoid fever
Cholera
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Dengue (‘breakbone’) fever and chikungunya
Zika virus
Melioidosis
Malaria
Japanese B encephalitis and meningococcal meningitis
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Plague (‘black death’)
Rabies (a rhabdovirus infection)
Hansen’s disease (leprosy)
Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous myiasis
Helminth (worm) infections
Pinworms (also called threadworms)
Human roundworm
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF)
Travel sickness
Tremor
Classification
Resting tremor—Parkinsonian
Action or postural tremor
Intention tremor (cerebellar disease)
Flapping (metabolic tremor)
Essential tremor
Tropical ear
U
Umbilical discharge
Umbilical granuloma in infants
Undescended testes
The problem of non-descent
Optimal time for assessment
Refer
Optimal time for surgery
Hormone injections
Unemployment
Vulnerable groups
Urethritis
Chlamydia non-specific urethritis
Gonococcal infection
Urinary tract infection
Acute uncomplicated cystitis
Acute pyelonephritis
Indications for investigation of UTI
Investigations for recurrent UTI
Urine color changes—diagnostic pointers
Urticaria (hives)
Check causes
V
Vaginal discharge
Vaginal thrush (candidal vulvovaginitis)
Bacterial vaginosis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Atrophic vaginitis
Venous ulcers
Wound dressing
Visual loss
Amblyopia
Retinoblastoma
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Retinitis pigmentosa
Acute and subacute painless loss of vision: diagnostic strategy model
Amaurosis fugax
Retinal migraine
Retinal detachment
Vitreous haemorrhage
Central retinal artery occlusion
Central retinal vein thrombosis
Macular degeneration
Temporal arteritis
Posterior vitreous detachment
Optic (retrobulbar) neuritis
Vitiligo
Vomiting
Vomiting in infancy
Cyclical vomiting
Chronic idiopathic nausea and vomiting
Symptomatic relief of vomiting
Vulvar disorders
Lichen sclerosus
Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis
Vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls
Vulvodynia
W
Warts
Weight loss
Failure to thrive
Eating disorders in the adolescent
Whiplash
Whole-person approach to management
Worms (helminths)
Wounds: removal of non-absorbable sutures
Wrinkles
Writer’s cramp
Z Zoonoses
Appendixes
Appendix 1 Dermatome chart
Appendix 2 Mini-mental state examination
Appendix 3 Snellen visual acuity chart (read from distance 140 cm)
Appendix 4 School exclusion for childhood infectious diseases: minimum exclusion periods from school, preschool and childcare centres
Appendix 5 BMI ready reckoner
Appendix 6 Basic life support algorithm and CPR schedule