Jasmonates and Brassinosteroids in Plants: Metabolism, Signaling, and Biotechnological Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Editor Biographies
Contributors
Chapter 1 Biosynthesis and Inactivation of Brassinosteroids in Plants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biosynthesis Pathways of Brassinosteroids
1.2.1 Biosynthesis of C27-Brassinosteroids
1.2.2 Biosynthesis of C28-Brassinosteroids
1.2.3 Biosynthesis of C29-Brassinosteroids
1.2.4 Links between C27-C28 and C28-C29 Pathways
1.2.5 Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis
1.3 Catabolism of Brassinosteroids
1.3.1 Conversion of Brassinolide and Castasterone
1.3.2 Conversion of 24-Epibrassinolide and 24-Epicastasterone
1.3.3 Conversion of Teasterone and Its Derivatives
1.3.4 Genetic Regulation of Brassinosteroid Catabolism, the Effect of BR Deficiency Mutants on Plants
References
Chapter 2 Role of Brassinosteroids on Plant Growth and Development
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Structure and Occurrence of BRs and Their Regulatory Mechanisms
2.3 Brassinosteroids and Different Plant Stress Responses
2.3.1 Drought Stress
2.3.2 Salt Stress
2.3.3 Temperature Stress
2.3.4 Nutrient Stress
2.3.5 Heavy Metal Stress
2.3.6 Biotic Stress
2.4 Brassinosteroid: Phytohormones Crosstalk
2.5 Brassinosteroids: SA and JA Crosstalk
2.6 Physiological Roles of BRs in Plant Growth
2.7 Impact of BRs on Photosynthesis
2.8 Role of BRs in Ion Homeostasis
2.9 BR Molecular Mechanism and Mode of Action
2.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Brassinosteroids: Crucial Regulators of Growth under Stress
3.1 Introduction: Discovery and Physiological Roles
3.2 Insights into BR Signaling
3.3 Stress Tolerance: BR Services to the Plant Community
3.3.1 Abiotic Stress
3.3.1.1 Appraisal of BRs for Thermo Tolerance
3.3.1.2 Low Temperature/Chilling Stress
3.3.1.3 High Temperature or Heat Stress
3.3.2 Potential of BRs for Drought Stress Tolerance
3.3.3 Alleviation of Plant Salinity Stress by BRs
3.3.4 BRs as Potent Ameliorates of Heavy Metal Stress
3.3.4.1 BRs and Aluminum Toxicity
3.3.4.2 BRs and Cadmium Toxicity
3.3.4.3 BRs and Copper Toxicity
3.3.4.4 BRs and Lead Toxicity
3.3.4.5 BRs and Chromium Toxicity
3.3.4.6 BRs and Nickel Toxicity
3.3.4.7 BRs and Zinc Toxicity
3.4 Deciphering the Role of BRs against Different Biotic Attacks
3.4.1 Fungal Infestations
3.4.2 Viral Infections
3.4.3 Bacterial Attacks
3.4.4 Other Biotic Attacks
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4 Role of Brassinosteroids During Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Brassinosteroids: An Important Phytohormone
4.3 Role of Brassinosteroids in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
4.3.1 Salinity
4.3.2 Heavy Metal Stress
4.3.3 Drought
4.3.4 Temperature
4.3.5 Pesticides
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Crosstalk of Reactive Oxygen Species and Brassinosteroids in Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brassinosteroids
5.3 BR-Mediated Regulation of the ROS Generating System
5.4 BR-Mediated Regulation of the ROS Scavenging System
5.4.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
5.4.2 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Brassinosteroid Signaling in Adaptative Responses to Abiotic Stress
6.1 Introduction
6.2 BR Signaling in Plants
6.3 Role of BR-Mediated Stress Responses at Different Levels of Organization
6.3.1 Role of BRs at the Cellular Level
6.3.1.1 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
6.3.1.2 Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Modification
6.3.2 Role of BR at Physiological and Biochemical Level
6.3.2.1 Maintenance of Redox Potential
6.3.2.2 Interplay of Brassinosteroids and Other Phytohormones
6.3.3 The Role of BR Signaling and Regulation in Adaptations to Abiotic Stress
6.3.3.1 Heat Stress
6.3.3.2 Cold Stress
6.3.3.3 Drought Stress
6.3.3.4 Salt Stress
6.3.4 Brassinosteroid Homeostasis and Its Regulation
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Protective Role of Brassinosteroids in Plants During Abiotic Stress
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Brassinosteroid Analogs
7.1.2 Mode of Action of Brassinosteroids
7.2 Physiological Roles of Brassinosteroids
7.2.1 Regulatory Roles of Brassinosteroids on Plant Growth and Development
7.2.2 Brassinosteroid Is a Promising Phytohormone in Abiotic Stress Amelioration
7.2.3 Protective Effect of Brassinosteroids on Photosynthesis under Abiotic Stress
7.2.4 Regulatory Roles of Brassinosteroids on Crop Quality
7.2.4.1 Chemical Composition
7.2.4.2 Antioxidant Enzymes
7.2.4.3 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
7.3 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Phytohormones under Abiotic Stress
7.3.1 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Auxin
7.3.2 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Gibberellic Acid
7.3.3 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Cytokinin
7.3.4 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Abscisic Acid
7.3.5 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Ethylene
7.3.6 Crosstalk of Brassinosteroids with Salicylic Acid
7.4 Effect of Brassinosteroids on Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress
7.4.1 Drought
7.4.2 Salinity
7.4.3 Temperature
7.4.4 Heavy Metals
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Jasmonic Acid: Crosstalk with Phytohormones in Growth and Development
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones
8.2.1 JA–Auxin Crosstalk
8.2.2 JA–GA Crosstalk
8.2.3 JA–Cytokinin Crosstalk
8.2.4 JA–Ethylene Crosstalk
8.2.5 JA–ABA Crosstalk
8.2.6 JA–Strigolactone Crosstalk
8.3 JA–Brassinosteroid Crosstalk
8.4 Jasmonate in Plant Growth and Development
8.4.1 Seed Germination
8.4.2 Leaf Senescence
8.4.3 Reproductive Development
8.4.4 Seed and Embryo Development
8.4.5 Trichome Development
8.4.6 Sex Determination
8.4.7 Flower and Fruit Development
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Bioscience of Jasmonates in Harmonizing Plant Stress Conditions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 JA Biosynthesis and Metabolism
9.2.1 Scheme of JA Biosynthesis
9.2.1.1 Production of Linolenic Acid from Linoleic Acid
9.2.1.2 Release of Linolenic Acid from Galactolipids Involved in JA Biosynthesis
9.2.1.3 Oxygenation of α-Linolenic Acid by 13-LOX
9.2.1.4 Dehydration of 13-HPOT by AOS
9.2.1.5 Synthesis of OPDA by AOC
9.2.1.6 Export of OPDA from Chloroplast to Peroxisome
9.2.1.7 Action of OPDA Reductase (OPR3) on OPDA
9.2.1.8 β- Oxidation of Carboxylic Acid Side Chain (ACX, MFP, KAT)
9.2.2 OPR3-Independent Pathway: A Bypass in JA Biogenesis
9.2.3 Metabolism of JA Compounds for Active Homeostasis
9.2.3.1 Conjugation
9.2.3.2 Hydroxylation
9.2.3.3 Carboxylation
9.2.3.4 Decarboxylation
9.2.3.5 Methyl Ester of JA
9.3 JA Signaling Network versus OPDA Signaling
9.3.1 Instigation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling
9.3.2 JA Signal Perception and Induction of Response
9.3.3 JA Signaling versus OPDA Signaling
9.4 JA Signaling Network Amid Abiotic Stress
9.4.1 Cold Stress/Freezing Stress
9.4.2 Drought Stress
9.4.3 Salt Stress
9.4.4 Heavy Metal Stress
9.4.5 Light Stress
9.5 JA Signaling Network to Regulate Biotic Stress
9.5.1 JA Signaling during Plant–Insect Interactions
9.5.2 JA Signaling during Plant–Pathogen Interactions
9.6 Physiological Responses of JA in Stress Conditions
9.6.1 Seed Germination
9.6.2 Regulation of Embryo/Seed Development
9.6.3 Fruit/Seed Ripening
9.6.4 Root Growth Inhibition by JA
9.6.5 Lateral Root Formation
9.6.6 Adventitious Root Formation
9.6.7 JA Regulates Vegetative Growth
9.6.8 Tuber Formation
9.6.9 JA in Trichome Development
9.6.10 JA Induced Leaf Senescence
9.6.11 JA in Reproductive Organ Development
9.7 JA-Mediated Secondary Metabolites
9.7.1 Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids
9.7.2 Nicotine
9.7.3 Artemisinin
9.7.4 Taxol
9.7.5 Ginsenoside
9.7.6 Anthocyanin
9.8 Crosstalk of JA with Other Phytohormones to Mitigate Plant Stress Conditions
9.8.1 JA–Auxin Crosstalk
9.8.2 JA-ABA Interaction
9.8.3 JA–Cytokinin Interaction
9.8.4 JA–ET Interaction
9.8.5 JA-GA Interaction
9.8.6 JA–SA Interaction
9.8.7 JA–BR Interaction
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Jasmonic Acid in Root Patterning Mechanisms: Wound Healing, Regeneration, and Cell Fate Decisions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Jasmonic Acid in Wound Signaling
10.3 Local and Systemic Responses to Jasmonic Acid
10.4 Jasmonic Acid Modulates Root System Architecture
10.5 Wound Healing and Regeneration
10.6 Role of JA in Root Regeneration from Shoot Explants
10.7 Conclusion
10.8 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 Understanding the Role of Jasmonic Acid in Growth, Development, and Stress Regulation in Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biosynthesis of JA
11.3 Vital Growth Activities Performed by JA
11.4 Physiological and Morphological Functions of JA
11.4.1 Root Growth Development
11.4.2 Leaf Expansion
11.4.3 Hypocotyl Elongation
11.4.4 Petal Expansion
11.4.5 Apical Hook Formation
11.5 JA and Its Communicating Response against Abiotic and Biotic Stress Factors
11.6 JA Defenses against Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivorous Insects
11.7 JA-Based Defense Responses against Fungal Diseases
11.8 JA-Based Defense Responses against Bacterial Diseases
11.9 Convergence in the JA Signaling Network between Abiotic and Biotic Stress
11.10 Common Molecular Players for JA Crosstalk
11.11 JA and ABA
11.12 JA and Ethylene
11.13 JA and SA
11.14 JA with Other Hormones
11.15 Genetic Engineering of JA Genes toward Biotic Stress
11.16 Manipulating Laccase Gene GhLac1 in Cotton
11.17 Overexpression of the Laccase Gene in Verticillium dahliae Confers Resistance to Pathogens
11.18 Enhancing the Expression of OsAOS2 and WRKY30 Genes in Rice
11.19 Regulating the Expression of the OPR1 Gene in Arabidopsis
11.20 Overexpression of the TomloxD Gene in Tomato
11.21 RO-292 Protein Accumulation in Response to Abiotic Stresses
11.22 JA Signaling Gene Mutants Impaired through CRISPR/CAS
11.23 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Jasmonates and Plant Responses Under Metal Stress
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Function of Jasmonates in Plants
12.3 Jasmonates Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling
12.3.1 Biosynthesis
12.3.2 Transport
12.3.3 Signaling
12.4 Jasmonates and Their Roles in Plants under Metal Stresses
12.4.1 Jasmonates and Cadmium Stress
12.4.2 Jasmonates and Arsenic Stress
12.4.3 Jasmonates and Aluminum Stress
12.4.4 Jasmonates and Other Heavy Metals
12.5 Exogenous Jasmonate Application and Resistance Mechanisms in Plants under Metal Stresses
12.5.1 Exogenous Jasmonates and Cadmium Stress
12.5.2 Exogenous Jasmonates and Arsenic Stress
12.5.3 Exogenous Jasmonates and Aluminum Stress
12.5.4 Exogenous Jasmonates and Other Heavy Metals
12.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Evidence for the Integrative Roles of Jasmonic Acid and Neurotransmitters in Plant Signaling and Communication: An Emerging Field for Future Investigations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Regulation of JA Biosynthesis in Plants
13.3 JA Metabolism and JA Signaling in Plant Cells
13.4 Regulation of Serotonin and Melatonin Biosynthesis
13.5 Jasmonate–Serotonin Crosstalk Crucially Regulates ROS Distribution during Root Growth Regulation
13.6 Melatonin–JA Crosstalk during Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance
13.7 JA Associates with GABA and Dopamine Crosstalk
13.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Regulation of Jasmonic Acid and Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathways by MicroRNA
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression by miRNA
14.3 Transcription Factors of the Signaling Pathway as Targets of miRNA
14.4 Role of miRNA 319 in the Regulation of the Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway
14.5 Role of miRNA 397 in the Regulation of the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Brassinosteroids: Potential Agrochemicals
15.1 Introduction: Multifunctional Roles of Brassinosteroids
15.2 Practical Aspects of BRs in Cereals
15.3 Versatility of BRs in Oil Crops
15.4 Multiple Roles of BRs in Leguminous Crops
15.5 BRs as a Vegetable Growth Promoter
15.6 Fruit Quality Enhancement by BRs
15.7 Ornamental Flowers and BRs
15.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Exploiting the Recuperative Potential of Brassinosteroids in Agriculture
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Role of Brassinosteroids in Agriculture
16.2.1 Effect on Cereal Crops
16.2.2 Effect on Leguminous Crops
16.2.3 Effect on Oil Seed Crops
16.2.4 Effect on Fruit Crops
16.2.5 Effect on Vegetable Crops
16.2.6 Brassinosteroids and Crop Productivity: Molecular Aspect
16.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Application of Jasmonates in the Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Horticulture Crops
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Definition and Distribution of Jasmonates in Plants
17.3 Derivatives of Jasmonates Used in Agriculture
17.4 Horticulture Applications of Jasmonates
17.4.1 Flowers
17.4.2 Fruits and Vegetables
17.5 Targeted Use of Jasmonates in Sustainable Agriculture
17.5.1 Legumes
17.5.2 Oil
17.5.3 Cereals
17.6 Pre- and Post-Harvest Applications of Jasmonates
17.7 Summary
17.8 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 18 Post-Harvest Physiology of Cut Flowers: Use of Methyl Jasmonate as a Quality-Retention Agent
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Petal Growth and Flower Opening
18.3 Function of Carbohydrates in Flower Opening
18.4 Petal Growth-Related Proteins
18.5 Ethylene and Cut-Flower Senescence
18.6 Water Relation
18.7 MeJA as a Potential Quality-Retention Agent
18.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Biofortification of Crop Plants with Brassinosteroids in Managing Human Health Issues
19.1 Introduction: BRs and Their Analogs
19.2 Applications of BRs in Crop Improvement
19.2.1 Cereal Crops
19.2.1.1 Photosynthetic Pigments
19.2.1.2 Carbohydrates
19.2.1.3 Antioxidants
19.2.1.4 Micro- and Macronutrients
19.2.2 Oil Crops
19.2.2.1 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
19.2.2.2 Phenols and Flavonoids
19.2.2.3 Antioxidants
19.2.2.4 Micro- and Macronutrients
19.2.3 Leguminous Crops
19.2.3.1 Protein Content
19.2.3.2 Antioxidants
19.2.3.3 Micro- and Macronutrients
19.3 BRs as Mediators of Human Welfare
19.3.1 Inhibition of Cancerous Growth
19.3.2 Anti-Viral Properties
19.3.3 Anti-Inflammatory Properties
19.4 Conclusion
References
Index