Jacaranda Physics 1: VCE units 1 & 2

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CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS RESOURCE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UNIT 1 WHAT IDEAS EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD?
1 Thermodynamic principles
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 What you will learn
1.2 Explaining heat using the kinetic theory
1.2.1 What is heat?
1.2.2 Linking energy and heat: the kinetic theory of matter
1.3 Measuring and converting temperature
1.3.1 Measuring temperature
1.3.2 The Kelvin scale
1.4 Transferring heat
1.4.1 Conduction
1.4.2 Convection
1.4.3 Radiation
1.5 Thermal equilibrium and the laws of thermodynamics
1.5.1 Laws of thermodynamics
1.6 Specific heat capacity
1.6.1 Specific heat capacity
1.6.2 Latent heat
1.6.3 Evaporation
1.7 Review
1.7.1 Summary
1.7.2 Key terms
1.7.3 Practical work and investigations
2 Thermodynamics and climate science
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 What you will learn
2.2 Earth's energy systems
2.2.1 Energy from our Sun
2.2.2 Heat from within
2.2.3 Energy in balance
2.2.4 How much energy does the Earth get from the Sun?
2.3 The enhanced greenhouse effect
2.3.1 The natural greenhouse effect
2.3.2 Fossil fuels’ fingerprints
2.3.3 The Earth’s energy budget
2.3.4 Feedback
2.4 Climate models
2.4.1 Scientific principles that underlie climate
2.4.2 How to know if a climate model is accurate?
2.4.3 Investigating a simple climate model
2.5 Investigating issues related to thermodynamics
2.5.1 Issues related to thermodynamics
2.5.2 Evaluating resources
2.6 Review
2.6.1 Summary
2.6.2 Key terms
2.6.3 Practical work and investigations
2.6 Exercises
2.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
2.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
2.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
2.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
UNIT 1 | AREA OF STUDY 1 REVIEW
AREA OF STUDY 1
How can thermal effects be explained?
PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK
3 Concepts used to model electricity
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 What you will learn
3.2 Electric circuits
3.2.1 Fundamentals of electricity
3.2.2 Electric circuits
3.3 Current
3.3.1 Defining current
3.3.2 Describing current direction
3.3.3 Measuring electric current
3.3.4 Modelling an electric circuit
3.3.5 How rapidly do electrons travel through a conductor?
3.4 Voltage
3.4.1 The conventional point of view
3.4.2 Measuring potential difference or voltage drop
3.5 Energy and power in an electric circuit
3.5.1 Energy transformed by a circuit
3.5.2 Power delivered by a circuit
3.5.3 Providing energy for the circuit
3.6 Resistance
3.6.1 Resistors
3.6.2 Ohm's Law
3.6.3 Ohmic and non-ohmic devices
3.6.4 Heating effects of currents
3.6.5 Power and resistance
3.7 Review
3.7.1 Summary
3.7.2 Key terms
3.7.3 Practical work and investigations
4 Circuit analysis
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 What you will learn
4.2 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Electric circuit rules
4.2.1 Circuit diagrams
4.2.2 Circuit rules
4.2.3 Conservation of electrical energy
4.3 Series and parallel circuits
4.3.1 Resistors in series
4.3.2 Resistors in parallel
4.3.3 Short circuits
4.3.4 The voltage divider
4.4 Non-ohmic devices in series and parallel
4.4.1 Non-ohmic devices
4.4.2 Transducers and sensors
4.4.3 Potentiometers
4.5 Power in circuits
4.6 Review
4.6.1 Summary
4.6.2 Key terms
4.6.3 Practical work and investigations
4.6 Exercises
4.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
4.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
4.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
4.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
UNIT 1 | AREA OF STUDY 2 REVIEW
AREA OF STUDY 2
How do electric circuits work?
PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK
5 Using electricity and electrical safety
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 What you will learn
5.2 Household electricity and usage
5.2.1 Household use of electricity
5.2.2 Power ratings
5.2.3 Paying for electricity
5.3 Electrical safety
5.3.1 A shocking experience
5.3.2 Resistance of the human body
5.3.3 The effect of current
5.3.4 The effect of current path
5.3.5 Time of exposure
5.3.6 In the event of a shock
5.3.7 Safety in household circuits
5.3.8 Earthing
5.3.9 Residual current device
5.3.10 Double insulation
5.4 Review
5.4.1 Summary
5.4.2 Key terms
5.4.3 Practical work and investigations
5.4 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
5.4 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
5.4 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
6 Origins of atoms
6.1 Overview
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 What you will learn
6.2 Early developments of the Big Bang Theory
6.2.1 Scientific theories
6.2.2 Discovering the universe of galaxies
6.2.3 The expansion of space
6.2.4 Measuring expansion
6.2.5 Einstein and general relativity
6.3 Further developments of the Big Bang Theory
6.3.1 An expanding, cooling universe
6.4 Measurements of the universe
6.4.1 The astronomical unit
6.4.2 The parsec
6.4.3 The light-year
6.4.4 Working in metres
6.4.5 Numbers and time
6.5 The formation of the first atoms
6.5.1 Looking back in time
6.5.2 The early universe
6.5.3 Nucleogenesis (the birth of atoms)
6.6 Review
6.6.1 Summary
6.6.2 Key terms
6.6.3 Practical work and investigations
6.6 Exercises
6.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
6.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
6.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
6.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
7 Particles in the nucleus
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 What you will learn
7.2 The discovery of subatomic particles
7.2.1 The Standard Model of particle physics
7.2.2 Gauge bosons
7.2.3 Fermions
7.2.4 Matter and antimatter
7.2.5 Bosons and the strong and weak nuclear forces
7.2.7 Prediction of new particles
7.3 Nuclear radiation
7.3.1 Atoms and isotopes
7.3.2 Half-life
7.4 Types of nuclear radiation
7.4.1 Alpha (?) decay
7.4.2 Beta (?) decay
7.4.3 Gamma (?) decay
7.4.4 Decay series
7.5 Review
7.5.1 Summary
7.5.2 Key terms glossaryAn
7.5.3 Practical work and investigations
7.5 Exercises
7.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
7.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
7.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
7.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
8 Energy from the atom
8.1 Overview
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 What you will learn
8.2 Energy from mass
8.3 Energy from the nucleus
8.3.1 Binding energy
8.3.2 Nuclear fission
8.3.3 Nuclear fusion
8.4 Energy from accelerating charges
8.4.1 Matter and light
8.4.2 Light from atoms
8.5 Review
8.5.1 Summary
8.5.2 Key terms
8.5.3 Practical work and investigations
8.5 Exercises
8.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
8.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
8.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
8.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
UNIT 1 | AREA OF STUDY 3 REVIEW
AREA OF STUDY 3
What is matter and how is it formed?
PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK
UNIT 2 WHAT DO EXPERIMENTS REVEAL ABOUT THE PHYSICAL WORLD?
9 Analysing motion
9.1 Overview
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 What you will learn
9.2 Describing movement
9.2.1 Distance and displacement
9.2.2 Speed
9.2.3 Converting units of speed
9.2.4 Velocity
9.2.5 Instantaneous speed and velocity
9.2.6 Acceleration
9.3 Analysing motion graphically
9.3.1 Position-versus-time graphs
9.3.2 Velocity-versus-time graphs
9.3.3 Acceleration-versus-time graphs
9.3.4 Working with motion graphs
9.4 Equations for constant acceleration
9.4.1 Deriving the equations algebraically
9.4.2 Deriving the equations graphically
9.4.3 Problem-solving steps
9.5 Review
9.5.1 Summary
9.5.2 Key terms
9.5.3 Practical work and investigations
9.5 Exercises
9.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
9.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
9.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
9.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
10 Forces in action
10.1 Overview
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 What you will learn
10.2 Forces as vectors
10.2.1 Describing a force
10.2.2 Force due to gravity (Fg)
10.2.3 Friction (Ffr)
10.2.4 Forces from fluid motion
10.2.5 The normal force (FN)
10.2.6 Compression and tension materials
10.2.7 Free body diagrams
10.2.8 The net force (Fnet) or sum of forces
10.3 Newton's First Law of Motion
10.4 Newton's Second Law of Motion
10.4.1 Applying Newton's second law in real life
10.4.2 Falling down
10.5 Newton's Third Law of Motion
10.5.1 Forces in pairs
10.5.2 Moving forward
10.6 Forces in two dimensions
10.6.1 Vehicles on horizontal surfaces
10.6.2 Vehicles on inclined planes
10.6.3 Connected objects
10.7 Momentum and impulse
10.7.1 Momentum
10.7.2 Impulse
10.7.3 Impulse from a graph
10.7.4 Follow through
10.7.5 Protecting that frail human body
10.8 Torque
10.8.1 Torque or the turning effect of a force
10.9 Equilibrium
10.9.1 Equilibrium or keeping still
10.9.2 Strategy for solving problems involving torque
10.9.3 Types of structures: cantilevers
10.10 Review
10.10.1 Summary
10.10.2 Key terms
10.10.3 Practical work and investigations
10.10 Exercises
10.10 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
10.10 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
10.10 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
10.10 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
11 Energy and motion
11.1 Overview
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 What you will learn
11.2 Impulse and momentum
11.2.1 Impulse and momentum in collisions
11.2.2 Modelling real collisions
11.3 Work and energy
11.3.1 The concept of energy
11.3.2 Getting down to work
11.3.3 Force-versus-distance graphs
11.4 Energy transfers
11.4.1 Kinetic energy
11.4.2 Potential energy
11.4.3 Gravitational potential energy
11.4.4 Strain potential energy
11.4.5 Conservation of energy
11.5 Efficiency and power
11.5.1 Efficiency
11.5.2 Power
11.6 Review
11.6.1 Summary
11.6.2 Key terms
11.6.3 Practical work and investigations
11.6 Exercises
11.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
11.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
11.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
11.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test ONLINEonlyicon.pdf
UNIT 2 | AREA OF STUDY 1 REVIEW
AREA OF STUDY 1
How can motion be described and explained?
PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK
UNIT 2 | AREA OF STUDY 2 OPTIONS
OBSERVATION OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD
12 What are stars?
12.1 Overview
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 What you will learn
12.2 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Changing views of the universe
12.2.1 Galileo's telescope
12.2.2 The universe
12.2.3 The discovery of galaxies
12.2.4 Where we live
12.2.5 Information from the stars
12.3 Using electromagnetic radiation to collect information
12.3.1 Collecting information about the universe
12.3.2 Electromagnetic radiation and the speed of light
12.3.3 Properties of electromagnetic waves
12.3.4 Frequency of light
12.3.5 Electromagnetic waves
12.4 Spectroscopy
12.4.1 Extracting information from the light
12.4.2 Helium
12.4.3 Composition of the Sun
12.4.4 What produces the spectra?
12.4.5 Absorption spectra
12.4.6 Emission spectra
12.5 Measuring distances to stars and galaxies
12.5.1 Methods used to measure distances
12.5.2 Parallax
12.5.3 The Gaia spacecraft
12.5.4 Star brightness and distance
12.5.5 The red shift method
12.6 The properties of stars
12.6.1 The Sun
12.6.2 The mass of stars
12.6.3 Diameters of stars
12.6.4 Classifying stars
12.7 Nuclear fusion
12.7.1 The energy source of a star
12.7.2 What happens next?
12.8 The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
12.8.1 The temperature of stars
12.8.2 Spectral type
12.8.3 Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams
12.8.4 Schwartzchild radius
12.8.5 Black holes
12.9 Galaxies
12.9.1 Comparing the Milky Way galaxy to other galaxies
12.10 Review
12.10.1 Summary
12.10.2 Key terms
12.10.3 Practical work and investigations
12.10 Exercises
12.10 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
12.10 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
12.10 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
12.10 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
13 Is there life beyond Earth's solar system?
13.1 Overview
13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.2 What you will learn
13.2 Spectroscopic analysis of light
13.2.1 Electromagnetic radiation
13.2.2 Production of light
13.2.3 Dispersion: producing colour from white light
13.2.4 Spectroscopy
13.2.5 Spectral type
13.3 Locating extrasolar planets (exoplanets)
13.3.1 The search for exoplanets
13.3.2 The astrometric method
13.3.3 The Doppler effect
13.3.4 Measuring radial velocity
13.3.5 The transit method
13.3.6 Microlensing
13.3.7 Trends in the data
13.3.8 Finding the right star
13.4 Conditions for life beyond Earth's solar system
13.4.1 Life based on carbon
13.4.2 The importance of water
13.4.3 The habitable zone
13.4.4 Planet size
13.5 The search for extraterrestrial intelligence
13.5.1 The Fermi paradox
13.5.2 The Drake equation
13.5.3 The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
13.5.4 Radio telescopes
13.5.5 Deciding where and how to search
13.5.6 Dealing with the data
13.5.7 Shouting out
13.6 Review
13.6.1 Summary
13.6.2 Key terms
13.6.3 Practical work and investigations
13.6 Exercises
13.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
13.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
13.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
13.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
14 How do forces act on the human body?
14.1 Overview
14.1.1 Introduction
14.1.2 What you will learn
14.2 Forces in the human body
14.2.1 Equilibrium — staying in place
14.2.2 Rotational equilibrium
14.2.3 Centre of mass
14.2.4 Centre of gravity
14.2.5 Lever models of human joints
14.2.6 Types of forces
14.3 Stress and strain
14.3.1 Stress
14.3.2 Strain
14.3.3 Stiffness
14.3.4 Young's modulus of elasticity
14.4 Elastic and plastic behaviour of materials
14.4.1 Strain energy
14.4.2 Toughness
14.4.3 Elastic behaviour
14.4.4 Plastic behaviour
14.5 Materials for prostheses
14.5.1 The behaviour of living tissues
14.5.2 Common artificial materials
14.5.3 Metal in prosthetic limbs
14.5.4 The effect of temperature on materials
14.5.5 Limitations of ductile materials
14.6 Performance of artificial limbs
14.6.1 Composite materials
14.6.2 Arm prostheses
14.6.3 Joint replacements
14.6.4 Materials in dentistry and stents
14.7 Review
14.7.1 Summary
14.7.2 Key terms
14.7 Exercises
14.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
14.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
14.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
14.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
15 How can AC electricity charge a DC device?
15.1 Overview
15.1.1 Introduction
15.1.2 What you will learn
15.2 Voltage, current and resistance
15.2.1 AC voltage and current
15.2.2 Cathode ray oscilloscope
15.2.3 Using a multimeter
15.3 Converting AC to DC
15.3.1 Diodes
15.3.2 Capacitors
15.3.3 Half-wave rectification
15.3.4 Full-wave rectification
15.3.5 Ripple voltage
15.4 Voltage regulators
15.4.1 Internal resistance
15.4.2 Choosing a suitable voltage regulator
15.4.3 Voltage regulator using a Zener diode
15.4.4 Power dissipation
15.4.5 Controlling voltage in circuits
15.4.6 Basic voltage dividers
15.5 Transducers and diodes
15.5.1 Thermistors
15.5.2 Photonics
15.5.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
15.5.4 Light-dependent resistors (LDRs)
15.5.5 Photodiodes
15.5.6 Phototransistors
15.6 Data transfer
15.6.1 Communication carriers
15.6.2 Modulation
15.6.3 Decoding signals
15.7 Review
15.7.1 Summary
15.7.2 Key terms
15.7.3 Practical work and investigations
15.7 Exercises
15.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
15.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
15.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
15.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
16 How do heavy things fly?
16.1 Overview
16.1.1 Introduction
16.1.2 What you will learn
16.2 Forces acting on an aircraft
16.2.1 Forces in flight
16.2.2 Newton's laws of motion
16.3 Aerodynamic lift
16.3.1 Movement of fluids
16.3.2 Fluid speed and pressure
16.3.3 The Bernoulli principle
16.3.4 Aerofoil characteristics
16.3.5 Newton's Third Law of Motion
16.3.6 Flying upside down
16.4 Thrust and drag
16.4.1 Producing thrust
16.4.2 Types of drag
16.4.3 Lift-to-drag ratio
16.4.4 Faster than sound
16.5 Manipulating flight
16.5.1 Lift and drag coefficients
16.5.2 Turning effect of a force
16.6 Controlling an aircraft
16.6.1 Flight controls
16.6.2 Stages of flight
16.7 Review
16.7.1 Summary
16.7.2 Key terms
16.7.3 Practical work and investigations
16.7 Exercises
16.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
16.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
16.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
16.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
17 How do fusion and fission compare as viable nuclear energy power sources?
17.1 Overview
17.1.1 Introduction
17.1.2 What you will learn
17.2 Nuclear fusion
17.2.1 Proton–proton and deuterium–tritium fusion reactions
17.2.2 Binding energy
17.2.3 Fusion reactors
17.2.4 Availability of deuterium and tritium
17.2.5 Fusion reactor designs
17.3 Nuclear fission
17.3.1 Fission fragments
17.3.2 Fission chain reactions
17.3.3 Achieving a chain reaction
17.4 Nuclear bomb design
17.4.1 Fission bombs
17.4.2 The effects of nuclear weapons
17.4.3 Immediate effects
17.4.4 Long-term effects
17.4.5 Fusion bombs
17.5 Nuclear energy as a power source
17.5.1 Nuclear power plants
17.5.2 Generating electricity
17.5.3 Australia's nuclear reactor
17.5.4 Fast breeder reactors
17.5.5 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
17.5.6 Nuclear wastes
17.5.7 Energy released
17.5.8 Percentage of mass that is transformed into energy
17.5.9 Environmental impact of a fusion reactor
17.5.10 Conclusion
17.6 Review
17.6.1 Summary
17.6.2 Key terms
17.6.3 Practical work and investigations
17.6 Exercises
17.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
17.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
17.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
17.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
18 How is radiation used to maintain human health?
18.1 Overview
18.1.1 Introduction
18.1.2 What you will learn
18.2 Radiation and the human body
18.2.1 Electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation
18.2.2 What are X-rays?
18.2.3 Production of X-rays
18.2.4 Hard and soft X-rays
18.2.5 Ionising radiation and living things
18.2.6 The effects of ?, ? and ? radiation on humans
18.3 The use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment
18.3.1 Radioactivity as a diagnostic tool
18.3.2 Choosing the right medical radioisotope
18.3.3 Labelling with isotopes
18.3.4 Targeting body organs
18.3.5 Some applications of radioisotopes
18.3.6 Production of medical radioisotopes
18.3.7 Safety issues
18.4 X-rays in medical diagnosis
18.4.1 Medical imaging using X-rays
18.4.2 Effect of X-radiation on the body
18.4.3 Using conventional X-rays as a diagnostic tool
18.4.4 Imaging parts of the body
18.5 Medical imaging with CT, PET, MRI and ultrasound
18.5.1 CT scanning
18.5.2 Ultrasound
18.5.3 Positron emission tomography (PET)
18.5.4 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
18.5.5 Strengths and limitations of imaging techniques
18.6 Review
18.6.1 Summary
18.6.2 Key terms
18.6 Exercises
18.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
18.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
18.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
18.9 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
19 How do particle accelerators work?
19.1 Overview
19.1.1 Introduction
19.1.2 What you will learn
19.2 Particle accelerators and the production of light
19.2.1 Synchrotron
19.2.2 Design features of the Australian Synchrotron
19.2.3 Technical features of the Australian Synchrotron
19.2.4 Synchrotron radiation and X-rays
19.3 Accelerator technology and the development of modern particle physics
19.3.1 The cyclotron
19.3.2 Early synchrotrons
19.3.3 The development of the Standard Model of particle physics
19.3.4 Features of the Large Hadron Collider
19.4 Current and future applications of accelerator technology for society
19.4.1 Data analysis
19.4.2 Applications of particle accelerators
19.4.3 Current and proposed future of collider technologies
19.5 Review
19.5.1 Summary
19.5.2 Key terms
19.5 Exercises
19.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
19.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
19.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
19.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
20 How can human vision be enhanced?
20.1 Overview
20.1.1 Introduction
20.1.2 What you will learn
20.2 Behaviour of light
20.2.1 Light travels in straight lines
20.2.2 Objects and images
20.2.3 Looking in the mirror
20.3 Refraction
20.3.1 The behaviour of light when changing media
20.3.2 Bending of light
20.3.3 Snell's Law
20.3.4 The speed of light in glass
20.3.5 Total internal reflection and critical angle
20.4 Manipulating light for a purpose
20.4.1 Cameras
20.4.2 The thin lens formula and magnification
20.5 Extending vision
20.5.1 Telescopes
20.5.2 Microscopes
20.6 Light and the eye
20.6.1 Human and animal vision
20.6.2 Correcting eye defects
20.6.3 Restoring sight
20.7 Review
20.7.1 Summary
20.7.2 Key terms
20.7.3 Practical work and investigations
20.7 Exercises
20.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
20.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
20.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
20.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
21 How do instruments make music?
21.1 Overview
21.1.1 Introduction
21.1.2 What you will learn
21.2 Sound as a wave
21.2.1 Longitude waves
21.2.2 Wave speed
21.2.3 The wave equation
21.2.4 Diffraction
21.2.5 Reflection of waves
21.2.6 Standing waves
21.3 Measuring sound intensity
21.3.1 Intensity
21.3.2 Inverse square law
21.3.3 Sound intensity levels
21.4 How does the human ear respond to sound?
21.4.1 Structure of the human ear
21.4.2 The effect of frequency on hearing
21.4.3 Loudness level curves
21.5 How instruments create sound
21.5.1 Stringed instruments
21.5.2 Wind and brass instruments
21.5.3 Standing waves in pipes open at both ends
21.5.4 Standing waves in pipes closed at one end
21.5.5 The human voice
21.6 Characteristics of sound
21.6.1 Loudness
21.6.2 Pitch
21.6.3 Timbre
21.6.4 Resonance
21.6.5 Beats
21.6.6 Consonance
21.6.7 Psychoacoustics
21.7 Review
21.7.1 Summary
21.7.2 Key terms
21.7.3 Practical work and investigations
21.7 Exercises
21.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
21.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
21.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
21.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
22 How can performance in ball sports be improved?
22.1 Overview
22.1.1 Introduction
22.1.2 What you will learn
22.2 Collisions and conservation of momentum
22.2.1 Coefficient of restitution
22.2.2 Making the ball go faster
22.2.3 Billiard ball collisions
22.3 Friction and rolling balls
22.3.1 Friction
22.3.2 Sliding and rolling
22.3.3 Velocity and angular speed
22.3.4 Moment of inertia
22.3.5 Applying rotational kinematics to a billiard ball
22.3.6 Rolling friction
22.4 Maximising flight
22.4.1 Modelling a golf swing
22.4.2 Flight through the air
22.4.3 What goes up must come down
22.4.4 Air resistance and terminal velocity
22.4.5 The swerve of balls in flight
22.4.6 A spinning rough ball
22.5 Review
22.5.1 Summary
22.5.2 Key terms
22.5.3 Practical work and investigations
22.5 Exercises
22.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
22.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
22.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
22.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
23 How does the human body use electricity?
23.1 Overview
23.1.1 Introduction
23.1.2 What you will learn
23.2 Electrical signals in the human body
23.2.1 Why do humans conduct electricity?
23.2.2 Charges, electrical potential and human cells
23.2.3 Electrical stimulus and cells
23.3 Electrical signalling and the nervous system
23.3.1 The nervous system
23.3.2 Electrical pulses in the body: the action potential
23.3.3 How electrical pulses move along nerve cells
23.3.4 Sensation and stimulus — getting an action potential started
23.4 The heart as an electrically powered pump
23.4.1 Stimulating the heart
23.4.2 Measuring heart function — the electrocardiogram
23.4.3 Heart beat and the ECG
23.4.4 Heart problems — fibrillation and defibrillation
23.4.5 The artificial pacemaker
23.5 The effects of electricity applied to the body
23.5.1 How does the human body resist current flow?
23.5.2 Current and the human body
23.5.3 Electrosurgery
23.6 Applications of electricity involving the human body
23.6.1 Monitoring electrical activity in the brain
23.6.2 Lie detectors and biotherapy feedback
23.6.3 Neural stimulation: The bionic eye project
23.6.4 Bypassing neural damage: Bionic control devices and activated muscles
23.6.5 Retraining neural networks
23.7 Review
23.7.1 Summary
23.7.2 Key terms
23.7.3 Practical work and investigations
23.7 Exercises
23.7.1 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
23.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
23.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
23.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test
24 Practical investigation
24.1 Overview
24.1.1 Introduction
24.1.2 What you will learn
24.2 Key science skills in Physics
24.2.1 The scientific method: why do we conduct investigations?
24.2.2 Using a logbook
24.2.3 Developing aims and questions
24.2.4 Formulating hypotheses and making predictions
24.2.5 Planning and undertaking experiments
24.3 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Variables
24.4 Concepts specific to investigation, key terms and representations
24.4.1 Concepts specific to investigation
24.4.2 Key terms
24.4.3 Physics representations
24.5 Scientific research methodologies and techniques
24.5.1 Characteristics of scientific research methodologies
24.5.2 Techniques of primary qualitative and quantitative data collection
24.5.3 Choosing techniques relevant to an investigation
24.5.4 Precision, accuracy, reliability and validity
24.5.5 Identification of uncertainty
24.6 Health and safety guidelines
24.6.1 Health and safety guidelines
24.6.2 Ethics
24.7 Methods of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data
24.7.1 Organising primary data
24.7.2 Analysing primary data
24.7.3 Evaluating primary data
24.7.4 Sources of uncertainty and error
24.7.5 Limitations of data and methodology
24.8 Models and theories to understand observed phenomena
24.8.1 Models
24.8.2 Theories
24.9 Nature of evidence and key findings of investigations
24.9.1 Nature of evidence: supporting or refuting a hypothesis, model or theory
24.9.2 The key findings of investigations
24.10 Conventions of scientific report writing and scientific poster presentation
24.10.1 Conventions of report writing
24.10.2 Terminology and representations
24.10.3 Symbols
24.10.4 Equations and formulas
24.10.5 Units of measurements
24.10.6 Significant figures
24.10.7 Standard abbreviations
24.10.8 Acknowledgement of references
24.10.9 Presenting a scientific poster
24.10.10 Practical investigation checklist
24.11 Review
24.11.1 Summary
24.11.2 Key terms
24.11 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions
24.11 Exercise 2: Short answer questions
24.11 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions
GLOSSARY
APPENDIX 1
Periodic table
APPENDIX 2
Astronomical data
Answers
1 Thermodynamic principles
2 Thermodynamics and climate science
3 Concepts used to model electricity
4 Circuit analysis
5 Using electricity and electrical safety
6 Origins of atoms
7 Particles in the nucleus
8 Energy from the atom
9 Analysing motion
10 Forces in action
11 Energy and motion
24 Practical investigations
INDEX