While the themes of radicalization and Islamophobia have been broadly addressed by academia, to date there has been little investigation of the crosspollination between the two. Is Islamophobia a significant catalyst or influence on radicalization and recruitment? How do radicalization and Islamophobia interact, operate, feed one another, and ultimately pull societies toward polar extremes in domestic and foreign policy? The wide-ranging and global contributions collected here explore these questions through perspectives grounded in sociology, political theory, psychology, and religion. The volume provides an urgently needed and timely examination of the root causes of both radicalization and Islamophobia; the cultural construction and consumption of radical and Islamophobic discourses; the local and global contexts that fertilize these extreme stances; and, finally, the everyday Muslim in the shadow of these opposing but equally vociferous forces.
Author(s): John L. Esposito
Year: 2018
Language: English
Pages: 291
Contents......Page 5
Notes on Contributors......Page 8
List of Figures......Page 13
List of Tables......Page 14
Chapter 1 Introduction: Relationships Between Islamophobia and Radicalization......Page 15
Part I Co-existence......Page 26
Iran’s Islamic Revolution: A Powerful LENS......Page 27
Terrorism and Popular Culture......Page 29
The Normalization of Islamophobia......Page 31
American and European Elections......Page 32
Media’s Powerful Role......Page 34
The Complex Sources of Radicalization......Page 35
Sources of Alienation and Radicalization......Page 36
Is Religion the Primary Catalyst for Radicalization, Political Violence and Terrorism?......Page 39
Conclusion......Page 41
Introduction......Page 46
Fear of Muslims: Two Cases of Extreme Reaction......Page 48
Tools for Analysis and Understanding......Page 49
The Swiss Ban......Page 55
The Norwegian Nightmare......Page 56
Reactive Co-Radicalization Elsewhere......Page 58
Fundamentalism and Extremism......Page 59
Conclusion......Page 60
Chapter 4 Marocanization of Dutch Islamophobia and Radicalization of Dutch Moroccans......Page 65
Theoretical Framework......Page 68
Can Islam Be Framed as Race?......Page 70
ISIS-Thugs......Page 71
Road to Salvation: Hope for the Muslims!......Page 72
Framing Fatigue: Boomerang of “Fewer Moroccans”......Page 75
Part II Crosspollination......Page 80
Background of the Anti-Halal Debates in Australia......Page 81
Political Discourse......Page 82
Academic Discourse......Page 84
Ordinary Muslims’ Connection to Terrorism in the Halal Debate......Page 86
Radicalism in Islamophobia: A Dismissed Radicalism......Page 88
Ideological vs. Mental Drives......Page 90
Organizational vs. Individual Crimes......Page 91
All Harmful vs. All Harmless......Page 93
Radicalism in Islamophobia and the Halal Case......Page 95
Conclusion and Implications......Page 96
Introduction......Page 104
Background......Page 107
The Australian and The Advertiser, 1 August 2014–31 January 2015......Page 109
Comparison Between the Two Newspapers......Page 110
Islam/Muslims Labelled......Page 113
Burka Controversy......Page 115
Christians’ Versus Muslims Dichotomy......Page 116
Positive/Rational Coverage......Page 117
Discussion......Page 118
Conclusion......Page 120
Chapter 7 Muslim Civil Society Under Attack: The European Foundation for Democracy’s Role in Defaming and Delegitimizing Muslim Civil Society......Page 124
Islamophobic Social Movements from Above......Page 125
A Transatlantic Network......Page 126
European Foundation for Democracy’s Islamophobes......Page 127
Defaming and Delegitimating Active Muslim Citizenship: The “Muslim Brotherhood”-Allegation......Page 129
Austria......Page 132
Sweden......Page 135
Conclusion......Page 137
Chapter 8 Islamophobia in Al-Qa’ida’s and IS’ English-Language Magazines......Page 145
Introduction......Page 146
Inspire and Dabiq......Page 148
Method and Foundational Research......Page 150
Differences and Similarities Between Inspire and Dabiq......Page 154
Themes Related to Islamophobia......Page 158
Do Al-Qaeda and IS Exploit Islamophobia for Propaganda Purposes?......Page 160
Part III Countering Terrorism & Islamophobia......Page 165
Introduction......Page 166
The Development of Britain’s Prevent Program......Page 167
British Multiculturalism, Policy Enactment and Prevent......Page 169
Prevent 1: Deepening Divides......Page 172
Prevent 2: Securitizing Divides......Page 175
Conclusion......Page 178
Chapter 10 How Counterterrorism Radicalizes: Exploring the Nexus Between Counterterrorism and Radicalization......Page 184
Introduction......Page 185
Iatrogenic Radicalization: A Conceptual Framework......Page 187
Iatrogenic Radicalization......Page 188
Myopic and Disproportionate: Catalysts of Crisis?......Page 190
Ideology-Centric “Soft” Counterterrorism Approaches: CVE Feeding the Fire?......Page 195
Strategic Communications Reinforce Rather Than Counter Militant Narratives: Confirming the Bias?......Page 198
Conclusion: Counterterrorism Implications......Page 201
Chapter 11 When the ‘Right Thing to Do’ Feels So Wrong: Australian Muslim Perspectives on ‘Intimates’ Reporting to Authorities About Violent Extremism......Page 208
Introduction......Page 209
The Reporting Context in Australia: Previous Community Information Campaigns......Page 213
Community Reporting Thresholds: Study Design......Page 215
Community Reporting Thresholds: Selected Key Findings from Community Participants......Page 218
Part IV Responses......Page 228
Chapter 12 Men on a Mission: Engaging with Islamophobia and Radicalization in Australia 1863–1957......Page 229
Introduction......Page 249
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework: Active Citizenship......Page 252
Effect of Islamophobia on Muslims’ Active Citizenship......Page 255
Performing Citizenship Aimed at Countering Negative Misconceptions of Muslims......Page 256
Active Citizenship Encouraged by Islamophobia?......Page 259
Concluding Discussion......Page 262
Introduction......Page 269
The Twin Threats of Islamophobia and Puritanical Islamist Extremism......Page 270
What Is the Hizmet Movement?......Page 272
Hizmet’s Direct Approach: Theological Refutation of Violent Extremism......Page 273
Hizmet’s Indirect Approach: Deradicalisation by Default......Page 275
General Characteristics of Hizmet’s Border Transgressor Practice......Page 276
Social Responsibility and Constructive Change......Page 277
Dialogue and Education......Page 278
Grass Roots Religious Activism......Page 279
Hizmet’s Limitations and Shortcomings......Page 280
Concluding Remarks......Page 282
Index......Page 288
