This updated, expanded, and improved version provides hundreds of essential equations and tables to help you select, operate and maintain measurement devices. The 2nd Edition adds brand new chapters packed with tables and equations for Industrial Communications Buses, Safety, and Environmental Measurements. Tables and equations have been added to all the previous edition’s chapters covering Units of Measurement, Pressure, Flow, Temperature, Level, Humidity, Electrical and Viscosity measurements.
Author(s): Jim Strothman
Edition: 2
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 314
1556179464......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
Purpose......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface & Acknowledgments......Page 7
1. Units of Measurement......Page 9
1.1 Greek Alphabet in Roman and Italic Type......Page 10
1.2.1 SI Base Units & Definitions......Page 11
1.2.2 SI Derived Units......Page 13
1.2.3 SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols, Including the Radian and Steradian......Page 15
1.3 Units Accepted for Use with the SI......Page 16
1.4 English to SI Conversions......Page 17
1.5 English to Metric Conversions......Page 19
1.6 English Unit Conversions......Page 22
1.7 Fraction Conversions......Page 24
1.8 Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 27
1.9 Area/Geometry Measurements......Page 29
2. Pressure Measurement......Page 35
2.1 Principles of Pressure......Page 36
2.3 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors......Page 37
2.4 Examples of Absolute and Gauge Pressure......Page 38
2.5 Some Pressure Units and Conversions......Page 39
2.6 Additional Pressure Conversions......Page 40
2.7 Kg/mm^2 to PSI Conversions......Page 43
2.8 ksi to MPa Conversions......Page 45
2.9 MPa to ksi Conversions......Page 46
2.10 Ft-lb to Joule Conversions......Page 47
2.11 Joule to ft-lb Conversions......Page 48
2.12 Height Conversions for Liquid Manometers......Page 49
2.13 Density of Mercury and Distilled Water Density at Various Temperatures......Page 50
2.14 Measuring Differential Pressure with Transducers......Page 51
2.15 Steam Tables......Page 52
3. Flow Measurement......Page 59
3.2 Basic Flow Equation......Page 61
3.3 Inferential Methods......Page 62
3.6 Vortex Shedding Flowmeters......Page 63
3.9 Mass Methods......Page 64
3.13 English & SI Units of Measurement......Page 65
3.14 Fundamental Constants & Conversion Factors......Page 66
3.15 Flow Conversion Table......Page 68
3.16 Gas Compressibility Factors......Page 74
3.17 Critical Values for Some Gases......Page 75
3.18 Head Losses in Pipes......Page 77
3.19 Specific Heats of Fluids and Gases......Page 78
3.21 Reynolds Numbers......Page 79
3.22 Flowmeter Accuracy......Page 80
3.23 Compensation of Linear Volumetric Meter Signals......Page 81
3.24 Compensation of Rotameter Signals......Page 82
3.25 Compensation of Differential Pressure Meters......Page 83
3.27 Head Type Flowmeter Elements......Page 84
3.28 Open Channel Flow Measurement......Page 89
3.29 Magnetic Flowmeters......Page 101
3.30 Ultrasonic Flowmeters......Page 104
3.31 ANSI/ISA Standard Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves......Page 105
3.32 An 'Old Timer's' Tips for Approximate Plant Calculations......Page 120
4. Temperature Measurement......Page 122
4.1 Principles of Temperature - ITS-90......Page 124
4.2 Comparative Characteristics of Thermometers......Page 125
4.3 Temperature Differences between ITS-90, IPTS-68 and EPT-76......Page 126
4.5 Temperature Conversion Equations......Page 128
4.7 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients......Page 130
4.8 °F to °C Conversions......Page 132
4.9 Temperature Conversion Table......Page 134
4.10 °F to Kelvin Conversions......Page 135
4.11 °C to °F Conversions......Page 137
4.12.1 Thermocouple Types......Page 139
4.12.2 Type E - Thermoelectric Voltage in mV......Page 142
4.12.3 Type J - Thermoelectric Voltage in mV......Page 144
4.12.4 Type K - Thermoelectric Voltage in mV......Page 146
4.12.5 Type T - Thermoelectric Voltage in mV......Page 148
4.13 RTDs (Resistive Temperature Detectors)......Page 150
4.13.1 RTD Material Resistivity Levels......Page 151
4.13.2 Resistance versus Temperature for Platinum......Page 152
4.16 Thermistor Temperature-Resistance Relationship......Page 157
4.19 Stem Correction for a Total Immersion Thermometer......Page 158
4.21.1 Planck's Radiation Law......Page 159
4.21.4 Wien's Displacement Law......Page 160
4.22 Total Emissivities of Metals......Page 162
4.25 Johnson Noise Thermometer......Page 163
5. Level Measurement......Page 164
5.1 Principles of Level Measurement & Theory......Page 165
5.2.4 Floats......Page 166
5.2.6 Ultrasonic/Sonic......Page 167
5.2.8 Nuclear......Page 168
5.2.12 Hydrostatic Pressure......Page 169
5.3 Level Measurement Equations......Page 170
5.4 Dielectric Constants......Page 174
5.5 Weight of Water versus Temperature......Page 179
5.7 Radiation Field Intensity in Air......Page 181
6. Industrial Communications Buses......Page 182
6.1 Introduction and Network Topologies......Page 183
6.2.16 Seriplex......Page 185
6.2.20 WorldFIP......Page 186
6.3 Fieldbus Foundation Standard Unit Codes Table......Page 189
7. Safety......Page 210
7.2 Class, Division and Zone Definitions......Page 211
7.4 North American Methods......Page 214
7.6 Table Showing Apparatus Grouping......Page 217
7.7 Table Summarizing NEC Class I, II, III Hazardous Locations......Page 218
7.8 Safety Integrity Level Verification......Page 219
8. Environmental Measurement......Page 236
8.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)......Page 237
8.3 Air Quality Index......Page 238
8.4 Airborne Contaminants......Page 241
9. Humidity Measurement......Page 246
9.1 Introduction......Page 247
9.3 Percent Relative Humidity Equation......Page 248
9.4 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures......Page 249
9.5 Humidity and Moisture Conversion Table......Page 251
9.6 Psychrometric Chart......Page 252
10. Electrical Measurement......Page 253
10.1 Principles of Electrical Measurement......Page 254
10.2 Principles of Oscilloscopes......Page 257
10.3 Electrical Power......Page 258
10.4 Voltage Ratios......Page 259
10.5 Resistance Ratio Bridges......Page 260
10.6 Electricity Conversions......Page 263
10.7 Inductance Measurement......Page 268
10.8 Geometric Mean Distances......Page 269
10.9 Values for Q......Page 274
10.11 Self Inductance......Page 278
11. Viscosity Measurement......Page 292
11.2 Viscosity SI Units......Page 293
11.4 Kinematic Viscosity......Page 294
11.5 Common Viscosity Units......Page 295
11.6 Other Viscosity Equations......Page 296
11.7.2 Stoke's Law......Page 297
11.8 Values of Viscometer Constants A and B......Page 298
11.9 Viscosity Conversion Tables......Page 299
11.10 Poise to lb-Force sec/ft^2 Conversion Table......Page 300
11.11 lb-Force sec/ft^2 to Pa-sec Conversion Table......Page 301
E......Page 302
F......Page 303
H......Page 304
L......Page 305
P......Page 306
S......Page 307
T......Page 308
W......Page 309
