Review. Published in Applied Catalysis A: General — 2010. — №
373. — С.1 -56This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.Contents
General introduction
Ionic liquids: properties, evolution and next generations
Properties of ionic liquids
A widening range of ionic liquids available
General remarks
Protic ionic liquids (PILs)
(Multi)-functional ionic liquids
Chiral ILs
Switchable-polarity solvents (SPS)
ILs at the frontier between organic and inorganic materials
Latest advances in the preparation and purification of ILs
The different ways of ILs preparations
Purification of ILs and analysis of trace impurities
Structure and self-organisation of ILs at the supramolecular level
Solvent properties and solvent effect
Structure and organisation
Toward a mesoscopic organisation
Solute-ILs interactions: what impact on organic reactions?
Interaction with water
Interaction with aromatic hydrocarbon. Clathrate behaviour
Interaction with chiral substrates: induction of chirality?
Interaction with acid and base: toward new scale of acido-basicity
Molecular modelling
How the ILs can affect the catalytic reactions pathway?.
Some ‘‘unexpected’’ effects of ILs
Effect of ILs impurities
Effect of water and acidic protons
Effect of bases
ILs as additives: surprising effect
When ionic liquids are involved in the formation of metal complexes
Complex formation involving anions
Complex formation involving cations
ILs specially designed for catalysis.
Change in mechanism pathway by stabilisation of charged transition state, active species or ligands
Solvent for non-charged catalysts
Solvent/stabiliser for nanoparticles
Ionic liquids as medium for ‘‘in situ’’ spectroscopic investigations
Removing sulfur from refinery streams
Concepts for using ILs in homogeneous catalysis
Multiphasic IL systems
Some challenges and opportunities of multiphasic systems
Use of scCO2 as the transport vector for substrates and products
Demonstration of continuous catlytic performances
Supported ionic liquid phase system (SILP)
ILs supported on solid inorganic solid
ILs supported on hybrid organic–inorganic material
ILs supported on organic polymers
Switchable polarity solvents
Thermoregulated ILs
Phase transfer catalysis
Overview of industrial applications and economic issues
Selected examples of industrial/pilot scale applications of ILs
Dimerization and oligomerisation of olefins: IL as solvent and Ni-co-catalyst
Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation of aromatic hydrocarbons: IL as solvent and catalyst
Alkylation of olefins with isobutane: IL as solvent and acid catalyst
Chlorination and fluorination reactions
Ether cleavage
Acid scavenging
Hydrosilylation: IL as solvent and nanoparticle stabiliser
Isomerisation: IL as a solvent
Methanol carbonylation
Other examples
IL stability, lifetime and recyclability
Safety and environmental issues:
ILs application in the biomass transformation into fuel and chemicals
Processing of lignocellulosic and cellulosic materials . .
Direct solvent for dissolution of cellulose and sugars
Treatment of lignocellulosic materials
Applications of the use of ILs in the dissolution of ligno-cellulosic materials
An improvement in the analysis of lignocellulosic material
Transformation of poly-saccharides in sugars using ILs
Catalytic transformation of sugars
Transformation of vegetable oils
Transesterification of triglycerides: biodiesel production
Methyloleate metathesis
General conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
