Investigating Oceanography is an introductory oceanography text is intended to teach students the tremendous influence oceans have on our lives. They are encouraged to look at oceanography as a cohesive and united discipline rather than a collection of subjects gathered under a marine umbrella. Investigating Oceanography teaches students about the historical, geological, physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the ocean environment using remarkable images and photos.
The authors have incorporated essays written by several scientists discussing topics in their fields of specialization. In addition to understanding processes and principles, the authors believe students must have a basic command of the language of marine science in order to understand the constant barrage of information concerning our planet and marine issues. By the end of this course, the authors want students to be prepared for future environmental discussions and the ability to make decisions as informed global citizens.
Author(s): Keith A. Sverdrup, Raphael M. Kudela
Edition: 4
Publisher: McGraw Hill
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 528
City: New York
Cover
Title
Copyright
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
PREFACE
PROLOGUE: The History of Oceanography
P.1 The Early Times
P. 2 The Middle Ages
P. 3 Voyages of Discovery
P. 4 The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information
P.5 Ocean Science Begins
P.6 Early Expeditions of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
The Challenger Expedition
The Voyage of the Fram
The Meteor Expedition
P.7 Ocean Science in Modern Times
Establishing Oceanographic Institutions
Large-Scale, Direct Exploration of the Oceans
Diving in "FLIP," the Floating Instrument Platform
Diving in Planning and Executing a Successful Oceanographic Expedition
P. 8 Oceanography from Space
The View from Space
Oceanographic Applications for Geology
Oceanographic Applications for Physics
Oceanographic Applications for Chemistry and Biology
Our Wired World
A Glimpse of Our Future
Summary
CHAPTER 1 The Water Planet
1.1 Cosmic Beginnings
Origin of the Universe
Origin of Our Solar System
Extraterrestrial Oceans
Diving in Origin of the Oceans
Early Planet Earth
1.2 Earth's Age and Time
Earth's Age
Geologic Time
Natural Time Periods
1.3 Earth's Shape
1.4 Where on Earth Are You?
Latitude and Longitude
Measuring Latitude
Longitude and Time
1.5 Modern Navigation
1.6 Earth Is a Water Planet
Water on Earth's Surface
Hydrologic Cycle
Reservoirs and Residence Time
Distribution of Land and Water
One World Ocean Divided into Five
Hypsographic Curve
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 2 Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
2.1 Earth's Interior
Earthquake Waves Reveal Earth's Layers
Model 1: Layers with Different Mineral and Chemical Compositions
Model 2: Layers with Different Strengths and Physical Properties
Isostasy
2.2 History of a Theory: Continental Drift
2.3 Evidence for a New Theory: Seafloor Spreading
Evidence for Crustal Motion
2.4 Plate Tectonics
Plates and Their Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
Continental Margins
2.5 Motion of the Plates
Mechanisms of Motion
Rates of Motion
Hotspots
2.6 History of the Continents
The Breakup of Pangaea
Before Pangaea
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 3 The Sea Floor and Its Sediments
3.1 Measuring the Depths
3.2 Seafloor Provinces
Continental Margins and Submarine Canyons
Abyssal Plains
Ridges, Rises, and Trenches
Diving in Exploring the Mariana Trench
3.3 Sediments
Why Study Sediments?
Classification Methods
Particle Size
Location and Rates of Deposition
Source and Chemistry
Patterns of Deposit on the Sea Floor
Formation of Rock
Sampling Methods
Sediments as Historical Records
3.4 Seabed Resources
Sand and Gravel
Phosphorite
Oil and Gas
Gas Hydrates
Manganese Nodules
Sulfide Mineral Deposits
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 4 The Physical Properties of Water
4.1 The Water Molecule
4.2 Temperature and Heat
4.3 Changes of State
4.4 Specific Heat
4.5 Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Viscosity
4.6 Density
The Effect of Pressure
The Effect of Temperature
The Effect of Salt
4.7 Transmission of Energy
Heat
Light
Sound
Diving in The Acoustic World of Marine Organisms and the Problem of Anthropogenic Noise
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 5 The Chemistry of Seawater
5.1 Salts
Dissolving Ability of Water
Units of Concentration
Ocean Salinities
Dissolved Salts
Sources of Salt
Regulating the Salt Balance
Residence Time
Constant Proportions
Determining Salinity
5.2 Gases
Distribution with Depth
The Carbon Dioxide Cycle
The Oxygen Balance
Measuring the Gases
5.3 Carbon Dioxide and the Ocean
The pH of Seawater
The Marine Carbonate System and Buffering pH
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide and Ocean Acidification
5.4 Nutrients and Organics
Nutrients
Organics
5.5 Practical Considerations: Salt and Water
Chemical Resources
Desalination
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 6 The Atmosphere and the Oceans
6.1 Heating and Cooling Earth's Surface
Distribution of Solar Radiation
Heat Budget
Annual Cycles of Solar Radiation
Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Diving in Oceanography of Tidewater Glacier Margins: Undergraduate Research on Svalbard
6.2 Sea Ice and Icebergs
Sea Ice
Icebergs
6.3 Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
Structure of the Atmosphere
Composition of Air
Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect
Ozone
Diving in Clouds and Climate
6.4 The Atmosphere in Motion
Atmospheric Pressure
Winds on a Nonrotating Earth
The Effects of Rotation
Wind Bands
6.5 Modifying the Wind Bands
Seasonal Changes
The Monsoon Effect
The Topographic Effect
6.6 Hurricanes and Coastal Flooding
Hurricanes
Coastal Flooding
6.7 El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
Study Problems
CHAPTER 7 Ocean Structure and Circulation
7.1 Ocean Structure
Variation of Temperature with Depth
Variation of Salinity with Depth
Variation of Density with Depth
7.2 Thermohaline Circulation and Water Masses
Thermohaline Circulation
Water Masses
7.3 The Layered Oceans
The Atlantic Ocean
The Pacific Ocean
The Indian Ocean
The Arctic Ocean
Internal Mixing
7.4 What Drives the Surface Currents?
The Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport
Ocean Gyres
Geostrophic Flow
7.5 Ocean Surface Currents
Pacific Ocean Currents
Atlantic Ocean Currents
Indian Ocean Currents
Arctic Ocean Currents
Antarctic Currents
The Indonesian Through flow
7.6 Current Characteristics
Current Speed
Current Volume Transport
Western Intensification
7.7 Eddies
7.8 Convergence and Divergence
Langmuir Cells
Permanent Zones
Seasonal Zones
7.9 Global Meridional Overturning Circulation
7.10 Changing Circulation Patterns
North Pacific Oscillations
North Atlantic Oscillations
7.11 Measuring the Currents
Diving in Ocean Drifters
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 8 The Waves
8.1 How a Wave Begins
Forces Influencing Waves
Two Types of Wind-Generated Waves
8.2 Anatomy of a Wave
8.3 Wave Speed
8.4 Deep-Water Waves in Detail
Deep-Water Wave Motion
Deep-Water Wave Speed
Storm Centers
Dispersion
Group Speed
Wave Interaction
Wave Height
Rogue Waves
Wave Energy
Wave Steepness
Universal Sea State Code
8.5 Shallow-Water Waves in Detail
Shallow-Water Wave Motion
Shallow-Water Wave Speed
Refraction
Reflection
Diffraction
8.6 The Surf Zone
Breakers
Water Transport and Rip Currents
Energy Release
8.7 Tsunami
Diving in The March 11, 2011, Japanese Tsunami
8.8 Internal Waves
8.9 Standing Waves
8.10 Practical Considerations: Energy from Waves
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 9 The Tides
9.1 Tide Patterns
9.2 Tide Levels
9.3 Tidal Currents
9.4 Modeling the Tides
The Earth-Moon System
Earth and Moon Rotation
The Sun Tide
Spring Tides and Neap Tides
Declinational Tides
Elliptical Orbits
9.5 Real Tides in Real Ocean Basins
The Tide Wave
Progressive Wave Tides
Standing Wave Tides
Tide Waves in Narrow Basins
9.6 Tidal Bores
9.7 Predicting Tides and Tidal Currents
Diving in Measuring Tides from Space
Tide Tables
Tidal Current Tables
9.8 Practical Considerations: Energy from Tides
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 10 Coasts, Beaches, and Estuaries
10.1 Major Coastal Zones
10.2 Types of Coasts
Primary Coasts
Secondary Coasts
10.3 Anatomy of a Beach
10.4 Beach Dynamics
Natural Processes
Coastal Circulation
10.5 Beach Types
10.6 Modifying Beaches
Coastal Structures
The Santa Barbara Story
The History of Ediz Hook
10.7 Estuaries
Types of Estuaries
Circulation Patterns
Temperate-Zone Estuaries
10.8 Regions of High Evaporation
10.9 Flushing Time
Summary
Diving in Public Aquariums in Ocean Research and Education
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 11 The Living Ocean
11.1 Evolution in the Marine Environment
11.2 Marine Biodiversity
Diving in Assessing Marine Biodiversity with Environmental DNA
11.3 The Flow of Energy
11.4 Groups of Organisms
11.5 Environmental Zones
Pelagic
Benthic
11.6 Facts of Life in the Ocean
Light
Temperature
Salinity
Diving in Bioluminescence in the Sea
Pressure
Buoyancy
Inorganic Nutrients
Dissolved Gases
pH
11.7 The Importance of Size
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 12 The Plankton, Productivity, and Food Webs
12.1 The Marine Photoautotrophs
12.2 The Plankton
12.3 Bacterioplankton and Viruses
12.4 Phytoplankton
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Coccolithophorids
Cyanobacteria
Prasinophytes
Harmful Algal Blooms
12.5 Zooplankton
Diving in Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act
12.6 Primary Production
12.7 Measuring Primary Productivity
12.8 Phytoplankton Biomass
12.9 Controls on Productivity and Biomass
12.10 Food Webs and the Biological Pump
Food Webs
Biological Pump
Marine Bacteria and Nutrients
12.11 Global Patterns of Productivity
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 13 The Nekton: Swimmers of the Sea
13.1 The Nekton Defined
13.2 Swimming Marine Invertebrates
13.3 Marine Reptiles
Sea Snakes
Sea Turtles
13.4 Marine Birds
13.5 Fish
Jawless Fish
Sharks, Skates, and Rays
Bony Fish
Deep-Sea Species of Bony Fish
13.6 Marine Mammals
Sea Otters
Walrus
Polar Bears
Seals and Sea Lions
Sea Cows
Whales
Whaling
Marine Mammal Protection Act
Communication
Diving in Whale Falls
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 14 The Benthos: Living on the Sea Floor
14.1 The Benthic Environment
14.2 Seaweeds and Marine Plants
General Characteristics of Benthic Algae
Kinds of Seaweeds
Marine Plant Communities
14.3 Organisms of the Rocky Shore
Tide Pools
Submerged Rocky Bottoms
14.4 Organisms of the Soft Substrates
14.5 Organisms of the Deep-Sea Floor
14.6 Coral Reefs
Tropical Corals
Tropical Coral Reefs
Coral Bleaching
Predation and Disease
Human Activities
Diving in Undersea Ultraviolet Radiation
Deep-Water Corals
14.8 Symbiosis
14.7 Deep-Ocean Chemosynthetic Communities
Hot Vents
Cold Seeps
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 15 Environmental Issues
15.1 Human Impacts Through Time
15.2 Marine Pollution
Solid Waste Dumping
Sewage Effluent
Toxicants
15.3 Plastic Trash
15.4 Eutrophication and Hypoxia
15.5 Oil Spills
Diving in Impacts from the Deepwater Horizon Spill
15.6 Marine Wetlands
15.7 Biological Invaders
15.8 Overfishing and Incidental Catch
Trends in Fishing Pressure
Indirect Impacts
Fish Farming
Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management
15.9 Afterthoughts
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
CHAPTER 16 The Oceans and Climate Disruption
16.1 Earth as a Whole: The Oceans and Climate
16.2 The Ocean and Climate Change
Earth's Past Climate
Earth's Present Climate
Earth's Future Climate
16.3 The Oceans in a Warmer World
Ocean Acidification
Rising Sea Level
Winds, Waves, and Storms
Diving in Arctic Sea Ice Loss, Midlatitude Extreme Weather, and Superstorm Sandy
Thermohaline Circulation
Biological Responses
16.4 Mitigation Strategies
Ocean Energy
Carbon Sequestration
Diving in The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The International Response
Summary
Key Terms
Study Problems
Appendix A: Scientific (or Exponential) Notation
Appendix B: SI Units
Appendix C: Equations and Quantitative Relationships
Glossary
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Index
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