Many invertebrates are serious pests of agriculture (e.g., mites and locusts), vectors of disease (e.g., mosquitoes and aquatic snails) and venomous (e.g., scorpions), whilst others are beneficial to humans as pollinators, food sources, and detritivores. Despite their obvious ecological, medical, and economic importance, this is the first comprehensive review of invertebrate diseases to be available within a single volume.
Concurrent molecular and bioinformatics developments over the last decade have catalysed a renaissance in invertebrate pathology. High-throughput sequencing, handheld diagnostic kits, and the move to new technologies have rapidly increased our understanding of invertebrate diseases, generating a large volume of fundamental and applied research on the topic. An overview is now timely and this authoritative work assembles an international team of the leading specialists in the field to review the main diseases and pathologic manifestations of all the major invertebrate groups. Each chapter adopts a common plan in terms of its scope and approach to achieve a succinct and coherent synthesis.
Invertebrate Pathology is aimed at graduate students and researchers in the fields of disease ecology, invertebrate biology, comparative immunology, aquaculture, fisheries, veterinary science, evolution, and conservation. It will be particularly useful for readers new to the field as well as a broader interdisciplinary audience of practitioners and resource managers.
Author(s): Andrew F. Rowley, Christopher J. Coates, Miranda M. Whitten
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 656
City: Oxford
Cover
Titlepage
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
Part I Host Defences and Approaches to Disease Detection
1 Host defences of invertebrates to pathogens and parasites
Christopher J. Coates, Andrew F. Rowley, L. Courtney Smith, and Miranda M.A. Whitten
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Social distancing—behavioural avoidance of infection, and other mechanisms to avoid infection of hosts
1.3 Outer coverings—chemical and physical defences
1.3.1 Integument
1.3.2 Alimentary canal
1.3.3 Other routes of infection
1.4 Wound healing and haemostasis
1.5 Internal defences—cellular events
1.5.1 The cells and tissues of invertebrate immune systems
1.5.2 Phagocytosis
1.5.3 Nodule formation (nodulation) and encapsulation
1.5.4 Extracellular chromatin traps (ETosis)
1.6 Internal defences—recognition and effector molecules
1.6.1 Signalling pathways
1.6.2 Antimicrobial peptides
1.6.3 Lectins/agglutinins
1.6.4 The phenoloxidase activating system
1.6.5 Lysozymes
1.6.6 Lipoproteins
1.7 Does the invertebrate immune system have specificity and memory?
1.8 Interaction between viruses and the invertebrate immune system
1.9 Interaction between bacteria and the invertebrate immune system
1.10 Interaction between fungi and the invertebrate immune system
1.11 Interaction between parasites and the invertebrate immune system
1.11.1 Dermo disease
1.11.2 Schistosomes and the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata
1.11.3 Hematodinium infections of crabs
1.12 Future directions
1.12.1 The invertebrate microbiome
1.12.2 The invertebrate immune system in a changing world
1.13 Summary
Recommended further reading
Social distancing—behavioural avoidance of infection and other mechanisms to avoid contact between host and parasite/pathogen
Chemical and physical barriers to infection
Wound healing and haemostasis
Phagocytosis
Nodule formation and encapsulation
Signalling pathways
Antimicrobial peptides
Lectins
The prophenoloxidase activating system
Lysozymes
Does the invertebrate immune system have specificity and memory?
Interaction between viruses and the invertebrate immune system
Interaction between bacteria and the invertebrate immune system
Interaction between fungi and the invertebrate immune system
Interaction between parasites and the invertebrate immune system
Acknowledgements
References
2 Host defences of invertebrates to non-communicable diseases
Christopher J. Coates
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Stress avoidance—defensive behaviours in response to physical threats and injury
2.3 Injury repair and sterile inflammation
2.4 Anti-tumour defences in invertebrates
2.5 Cell stress responses and metabolic resistance
2.5.1 Invertebrate defences to changeable environments
2.5.2 Coping with oxidative stress
2.5.3 Xenobiotic metabolism and disposition
2.5.4 Metals—a balance between regulation and detoxification
2.6 Summary
Recommended further reading
Acknowledgements
References
3 Diagnostic approaches in invertebrate pathology
David Bass, Andrew F. Rowley, and Christopher J. Coates
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sampling regimes
3.3 Stage 1—Observations of changes in external anatomy and behaviour
3.4 Stage 2—Observation of tissues
3.5 Stage 3—Isolation and cultivation of putative pathogens and parasites
3.6 Stage 4—Histology, immunohistology, and in situ hybridisation
3.7 Stage 5—Electron microscopy
3.8 Stage 6—Nucleic acid approaches to disease diagnosis, advances, and pitfalls
3.9 Summary
Suggested further reading
General
Histology
In situ hybridisation
High throughput sequencing
Acknowledgements
References
Part II The Diseases
Section
A Diseases of Acoelomate and Coelomate Protostomes
4 Diseases of scleractinian corals
David G. Bourne, Hillary A. Smith, and Cathie A. Page
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Coral biology, ecology, and microbiology
4.1.2 Coral disease background
4.2 Principal diseases
4.2.1 Growth anomalies (GAs)
4.2.2 Black band disease (BBD)
4.2.3 White syndromes (WSs)
4.2.4 Dark spot syndrome (DSD)
4.2.5 Yellow-Band disease (YBD)
4.2.6 Skeletal eroding band (SEB) and Caribbean ciliate infections (CCI)
4.2.7 Brown band disease (BrB)
4.2.8 Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD)
4.3 Control and treatment of coral diseases
4.4 Future directions
4.5 Summary
Suggested further reading
Acknowledgements
References
5 Diseases of sponges
Heidi M. Luter and Nicole S. Webster
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Sponge biology, ecology, and microbiology
5.1.2 Sponge disease background
5.2 Principal diseases
5.2.1 Sponge boring necrosis
5.2.2 Sponge necrosis syndrome
5.2.3 Fatal fungal infection
5.2.4 Agelas wasting syndrome
5.2.5 Pustule disease
5.2.6 Brown lesion necrosis/brown spot syndrome
5.2.7 Sponge orange band (SOB) and bleaching
5.2.8 Aplysina red band syndrome (ARBS)
5.2.9 Black patch syndrome
5.2.10 Sponge white patch
5.2.11 Uncharacterised pink necrosis and brown rot syndrome
5.2.12 Generalised necrosis
5.3 Control and treatment of diseases
5.4 Future directions
5.5 Summary
Recommended further reading
References
6 Diseases of platyhelminths, acanthocephalans, and nematodes
Matt Longshaw and Andrew P. Shinn
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes
6.2.1 Class Turbellaria
6.2.2 Class Monogenea
6.2.3 Class Trematoda
6.2.4 Class Cestoda
6.3 Phylum Acanthocephala
6.4 Phylum Nematoda
6.5 Conclusions and discussion
6.6 Summary
References
7 Diseases of annelids
Jacqueline L. Stroud
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principal diseases
7.2.1 Earthworms, infections, pollution, and parasites
7.2.2 Polychaete parasites, infections, and abnormalities
7.2.3 Oligochaete parasites, infections, pollution, and abnormalities
7.2.4 Leeches
7.3 Future directions
Recommended further reading
Risks associated with the bait industry
Parasite-annelid interactions (now being reconfirmed in contemporary studies)
References
8 Diseases of molluscs
Sharon A. Lynch, Andrew F. Rowley, Matt Longshaw, Shelagh K. Malham and Sarah C. Culloty
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principal diseases
8.3 Diseases caused by viruses
8.4 Diseases caused by bacteria
8.4.1 Vibriosis
8.4.2 Brown ring disease of clams
8.4.3 Nocardiosis in oysters and mussels
8.4.4 Juvenile oyster disease (Roseovarius oyster disease)
8.4.5 Rickettsia-like bacteria
8.4.6 Other bacteria
8.5 Diseases caused by fungi including microsporidians
8.5.1 Microsporidians
8.6 Diseases caused by oomycetes and related forms
8.7 Diseases caused by haplosporidans
8.7.1 Haplosporidium spp.
8.7.2 Bonamia spp.
8.7.3 Minchinia spp.
8.8 Diseases caused by mikrocytids
8.9 Diseases caused by other protists
8.9.1 Marteiliosis
8.9.2 Perkinsosis and Dermo disease
8.9.3 Ciliates
8.10 Diseases caused by ‘macroparasites’
8.10.1 Trematodes
8.10.2 Turbellarians
8.10.3 Nematodes
8.10.4 Copepods
8.10.5 Polychaetes
8.11 Neoplasia
8.12 Control and treatment
8.13 Future directions
8.13.1 Climate change and molluscan diseases
8.13.2 Disease bottlenecks at hatcheries and therapies
8.14 Summary
Suggested further reading
General
Viral diseases
Bacterial diseases
Microsporidia
Mikrocytids
Haplosporidians
Marteiliosis
Perkinsosis
Macroparasites
Neoplasia
Control and treatment
Acknowledgements
References
Part B Diseases of Arthropods
9 Diseases of chelicerates
Christopher J. Coates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bacterial diseases of terrestrial chelicerates
9.2.1 Endosymbionts
9.3 Fungal diseases of terrestrial chelicerates
9.4 Parasites and pests of spiders and scorpions
9.5 Disease of aquatic chelicerates
9.5.1 Pathobiology of horseshoe crabs
9.5.2 Pathobiology of sea spiders
9.6 On the lack of viruses
9.7 Summary
Suggested further reading
Acknowledgements
References
10 Viral diseases of insects
Vera I.D. Ros, Delphine Panziera, Remziye Nalcacioglu, Jirka Manuel Petersen, Eugene Ryabov, and Monique M. van Oers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Major groups of RNA viruses causing disease in insects
10.2.1 Insect viruses with positive sense RNA genomes
10.2.2 Insect viruses with negative sense RNA genomes
10.2.3 Insect viruses with double stranded RNA
10.3 DNA viruses of insects
10 3.1 Insect-infecting small DNA viruseswith single-stranded genomes
10.3.2 Nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virusesof insects
10.3.3 Large nuclear DNA viruses of arthropods
10.3.4 Filamentous viruses of Hymenoptera
10.4 Use of insect viruses in biocontrolof insect pests
10.5 Viral disease management in reared insects
10.6 Future Outlook
10.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Recommended further reading
Extended review on bee viruses:
Overview of biological control using insect viruses:
Overviews of the main groups of insect viruses (with RNA, small and large DNA genomes):
References
11 Bacterial diseases of insects
Heba Abdelgaffar, Trevor Jackson, and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
11.1 Introduction: Classification and pathology commonalities
11.2 Gram-positive entomopathogens
11.2.1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
11.2.2 Lysinibacillus sphaericus
11.2.3 Milky disease bacteria
11.2.4 Foulbrood diseases
11.2.5 Brevibacillus laterosporus
11.2.6 Clostridium bifermentans
11.3 Gram-negative entomopathogens
11.3.1 Serratia spp.
11.3.2 Chromobacterium spp.
11.3.3 Yersinia spp.
11.3.4 Pseudomonas spp.
11.3.5 Burkholderia rinojensis
11.3.6 Rickettsiella spp.
11.4 Summary, research needs, and future directions
Recommended further reading
Acknowledgements
References
12 Fungal and oomycete diseases of insects
Almudena Ortiz-Urquiza
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Insect-fungal/oomycete interactions
12.3 Insect pathogenic fungi - diversity and ecology
12.4 Taxonomy of fungal pathogens of insects
12.4.1 Phylum Cryptomycota (or Rozellomycota)
12.4.2 Phylum Microsporidia
12.4.3 Phylum Chytridiomycota sensu lato
12.4.4 Phylum Zoopagomycotina
12.4.5 Phylum Mucoromycota
12.4.6 Phylum Basidiomycota
12.4.7 Phylum Ascomycota
12.5 Insect pathogenic oomycetes
12.5.1 Order Atkinsiellales (Class Saprolegniomycetes)
12.5.2 Order Leptomitales (Class Saprolegniomycetes)
12.5.3 Order Saprolegniales (Class Saprolegniomycetes)
12.5.4 Order Rhipidiales (Class Peronosporomycetes)
12.5.5 Order Albuginales (Class Peronosporomycetes)
12.5.6 Order Peronosporales s. lat. (Class Peronosporomycetes)
12.6 Summary
Recommended further reading
General
Mechanisms of pathogenicity
Microsporidians
Oomycetes
References
13 Parasitic diseases of insects
Miranda M.A. Whitten
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principal parasites and diseases
13.2.1 Protozoan infections
13.2.2 Helminth (worm) infections
13.2.3 Arthropod parasitoids and infestations
13.3 Future directions and conclusions
Recommended further reading
Protozoa
Nematodes and other worms
Parasitic arthropods and parasitoids
References
14 Viral diseases of crustaceans
Arun K. Dhar, Roberto Cruz-Flores, and Kelly S. Bateman
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diseases caused by DNA viruses
14.2.1 Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)
14.2.2 Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV)
14.2.3 Spawner isolated mortality virus (SMV)
14.2.4 Lymphoidal parvo-like virus (LPV)
14.2.5 Penaeus monodon metallodensovirus
14.2.6 Circoviruses
14.2.7 White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)
14.2.8 Shrimp haemocyte iridescent virus (Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 (DIV1)
14.2.9 Penaeus monodon nudivirus
14.2.10 Baculovirus penaei (also known as Penaeus vannamei single nucleopolyhedrovirus, PvSNPV)
14.2.11 Panulirus argus Virus 1
14.2.12 Bi-Facies Virus (BFV)
14.2.13 Homarus gammarus nudivirus (HgNV)
14.2.14 Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus (BMN)
14.2.15 Baculo A and Baculo B
14.2.16 Cancer pagurus bacilliform virus (CpBV)
14.2.17 Scylla Baculovirus (SBV)
14.2.18 Cherax quadricarinatus Bacilliform Virus (CqBV) and Cherax destructor Bacilliform Virus (CdBV)
14.2.19 Chionoecetes opilio Bacilliform Virus (CoBV)
14.2.20 Cherax quadricarinatus parvo-like virus (PV) and Cherax destructor systemic parvo-like virus (CdSPV)
14.2.21 Penaeid haemocytic rod-shaped virus (PHRV)
14.3 Diseases caused by RNA viruses
14.3.1 Taura syndrome virus (TSV)
14.3.2 Yellow head virus (YHV) and Gill-associated virus (GAV)
14.3.3 Mourilyan virus (MoV)
14.3.4 Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV)
14.3.5 Nodaviruses: Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, Penaeus vannamei nodavirus (PvNV) and Farfantepenaeus duorarum nodavirus (FdNV)
14.3.6 Covert mortality syndrome virus
14.3.7 Laem Singh virus (LSNV)
14.3.8 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Golda Virus
14.3.9 Penaeus japonicus reovirus, Penaeus monodon reovirus, Penaeus vannamei reovirus
14.3.10 Callinectes sapidus reovirus 1 (CsRV1)
14.3.11 Mud crab reovirus (MCRV)
14.3.12 Eriocheir sinensis reovirus (EsRV905, EsRV816, and EsRV WX-2012)
14.3.13 Cherax quadricarinatus reovirus
14.3.14 Cherax quadricarinatus giardiavirus-like virus
14.3.15 Eriocheir sinensis ronivirus (EsRNV)
14.3.16 Mud crab dicistrovirus 1
14.3.17 Chequa iflavirus and Athtabvirus
14.3.18 Cancer pagurus systemic bunya-like virus (CpSBV)
14.3.19 Eriocheir sinensis bunya-like virus (EsBV)
14.3.20 Lymphoid organ vacuolisation virus (LOVV)
14.3.21 Wenzhou shrimp virus 1 and 2
14.4 Diagnosis of viral diseases in farmed crustaceans
14.5 Disease control and management
14.6 Future directions
14.7 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
15 Bacterial diseases of crustaceans
Andrew F. Rowley
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Principal diseases
15.2.1 Vibriosis
15.2.2 Rickettsia, Wolbachia and rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs)
15.2.3 Rickettsiella and Aquirickettsiella
15.2.4 Shell disease syndromes
15.2.5 Gaffkaemia (red tail disease)
15.2.6 Other diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria
15.3 Control and treatment of bacterial diseases
15.3.1 Antibacterial chemicals
15.3.2 Bacteriophage therapy
15.3.3 Interference of virulence factor expression using quorum sensing inhibition
15.3.4 Natural products
15.3.5 Probiotics
15.3.6 Immunisation
15.3.7 Improvement in environmental conditions
15.4 Future directions
15.4.1 The crustacean microbiome
15.4.2 Climate change and emerging bacterial diseases of crustaceans
15.5 Summary
Recommended further reading
Vibriosis
Rickettsia and RLOs
Shell disease syndrome
Diagnosis, control and treatment of bacterial diseases
Acknowledgements
References
16 Fungal and oomycete diseases of crustaceans
Andrew F. Rowley, Jenny Makkonen, and Jeffrey D. Shields
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Principal diseases
16.3 Diseases caused by true fungi
16.3.1 Black gill disease
16.3.2 Burn spot disease (a form of shell disease)
16.3.3 Metschnikowia bicuspidata infections
16.3.4 Lethargic crab disease
16.3.5 Ophiocordyceps-like infections of edible crabs (Cancer pagurus)
16.3.6 Mycosis of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas
16.3.7 Trichomaris invadens infections of snow and tanner crabs
16.4 Diseases caused by microsporidian fungi
16.5 Diseases caused by oomycetes
16.5.1 Crayfish plague (krebspest)
16.5.2 Lagenidium spp.
16.5.3 Haliphthoros spp., Halocrusticida spp. and Halioticida sp.
16.6 Generalised pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in crustaceans
16.7 Control and treatment
16.8 Future directions
16.9 Summary
Recommended further reading
Acknowledgements
References
17 Parasites of crustaceans
Jeffrey D. Shields
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Principal parasites
17.2.1 Protozoa (Protistans)
17.2.2 Helminths
17.2.3 Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Crustacea
17.3 Summary
Recommended further reading
Acknowledgements
References
Part C Diseases of Deuterostomes
18 Echinoderm diseases and pathologies
L. Courtney Smith, S. Anne Boettger, Maria Byrne, Andreas Heyland, Diana L. Lipscomb, Audrey J. Majeske, Jonathan P. Rast, Nicholas W. Schuh, Linsheng Song, Ghada Tafesh-Edwards, Lingling Wang, Zhuang Xue, and Zichao Yu.
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Anatomy and characteristics of echinoderms
18.1.2 Allorejection established the echinoderm immune system as innate
18.1.3 The echinoderm immune system
18.1.4 Coelomocytes and blastocoelar cells mediate echinoderm immune functions
18.2 Echinoderm pathology
18.3 Bald sea urchin disease
18.3.1 Gross pathology of bald sea urchin disease
18.3.2 Histopathology of bald sea urchin disease
18.3.3 Putative pathogens of bald sea urchin disease
18.3.4 Conclusion: bald sea urchin disease
18.4 Sea star wasting disease
18.4.1 Symptoms of sea star wasting disease
18.4.2 Biological causes of SSWD
18.4.3 The sea star immune response to SSWD
18.4.4 Conclusion: SSWD
18.5 Diseases of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, in aquaculture facilities
18.5.1 Skin ulcer syndrome
18.5.2 Acute peristome edema disease
18.5.3 Off-plate syndrome
18.5.4 Viscera ejection syndrome
18.5.5 Diseases of larval sea cucumbers
18.5.6 Environmental factors in aquaculture facilities and disease in A. japonicus
18.5.7 Strategies for disease prevention and control in A. japonicus in aquaculture facilities
18.5.8 Approaches to block infection in A. japonicus in aquaculture facilities
18.5.9 Conclusion: Diseases in A. japonicus
18.6 Protist pathogens of echinoderms
18.6.1 The alveolate clade
18.6.2 The Amoebozoa clade
18.6.3 The Rhizaria clade
18.6.4 Plantae (or Archaeplastida)
18.6.5 Miscellaneous
18.6.6 Conclusion: Protist parasites of echinoderms
18.7 Microbial pathology of sea urchin larvae
18.7.1 Evaluation of toxic compoundsin the environment using larval sea urchins
18.7.2 Microbial pathology of sea urchin larvae
18.7.3 Conclusion: pathologies of larval sea urchins
18.8 Summary and conclusions
18.8.1 The pathogens
18.9 Future directions
Acknowledgements
References
19 Ecological outcomes of echinoderm disease, mass die-offs, and pandemics
L. Courtney Smith, Maria Byrne, Keryn B. Gedan, Diana L. Lipscomb, Audrey J. Majeske, and Ghada Tafesh-Edwards
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Mass die-offs from bald sea urchin disease
19.2.1 Environmental stressors may drive BSUD
19.2.2 Ecological outcomes of mass die-offs from BSUD
19.2.3 Conclusions: bald sea urchin disease
19.3 The massive die-off of the long-spined black sea urchin, Diadema antillarum, in the Caribbean Sea
19.3.1 Ecological outcomes of the Diadema die-off
19.3.2 The future of the Caribbean reefs
19.3.3 Conclusion: the mass die-off of Diadema antallarum
19.4 Sea star wasting disease and the mass die-off of sea stars
19.4.1 Environmentally induced stresses as underlying factors in the SSWD pandemic
19.4.2 Ecological phase shifts resulting from SSWD in the ochre sea star, Pisaster ochraceus
19.4.3 The ecological phase shift resulting from SSWD and disappearance of the sunflower sea star, Pycnopodia helianthoides
19.4.4 Conclusion: SSWD
19.5 Ecological outcomes of echinoderm mass mortality events
19.5.1 Abiotic impacts to echinoderm populations
19.5.2 Ecological phase shifts
19.6 Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
20 Diseases of tunicates and cephalochordates
Andrew F. Rowley and Shin-Ichi Kitamura
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Principal diseases
20.2.1 Soft tunic syndrome
20.2.2 Gregarine `infections' of tunicates
20.2.3 Copepods in compound ascidians
20.2.4 Haplosporidian-like parasites of tunicates
20.2.5 Egg deposition in tunicates
20.2.6 Vibriosis in cephalochordates
20.3 Future directions
20.4 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Index
