Introductory Geographic Information Systems (Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science)

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 22
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 27
What Are Spatial Data?......Page 31
Discrete Geographic Features......Page 34
Raster Data Structure......Page 36
Spatial Data Infrastructures......Page 37
Formal and Informal Definitions of GIS......Page 38
Misconceptions about GIS......Page 40
Misconception: A GIS Is Simply a Software Package without Theoretical Foundation......Page 41
GIS Software......Page 42
GIS Data......Page 46
GIS Data Acquisition Industry......Page 47
Careers in GIS......Page 48
Investing in GIS......Page 49
Review Questions......Page 50
Glossary......Page 51
References......Page 52
Ellipsoids......Page 55
Horizontal Datums......Page 57
Vertical Datums......Page 58
Latitude and Longitude......Page 59
The Globe......Page 62
Map Projections......Page 63
Developable Surfaces Used in Map Projections......Page 65
Cylindrical Map Projections......Page 66
Azimuthal (Planar) Map Projections......Page 70
Conical Map Projections......Page 72
Other Projections and Coordinate Systems......Page 75
Custom Map Projections......Page 77
Tissot's Indicatrix......Page 78
Review Questions......Page 80
References......Page 82
Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 85
In Situ Land Surveying......Page 92
In Situ Data Sampling or the Taking of a Census......Page 97
Digitization of Historical Spatial Information......Page 100
Remote Sensing Data Collection......Page 106
Resolution Considerations......Page 107
Aerial Photography......Page 113
Multispectral Remote Sensing......Page 115
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing......Page 119
Thermal-infrared Remote Sensing......Page 121
LiDAR Remote Sensing......Page 124
RADAR Remote Sensing......Page 129
Review Questions......Page 133
Glossary......Page 134
References......Page 135
Elements of Metadata......Page 137
Accuracy and Precision......Page 138
Attribute Error......Page 140
Positional Error......Page 145
Error Visualization......Page 147
Ecological Fallacy......Page 148
Summary......Page 149
Review Questions......Page 150
Glossary......Page 151
References......Page 152
Points......Page 155
Areas (Polygons)......Page 156
Scale Considerations......Page 157
Topology......Page 158
Georelational Vector Model......Page 160
Object-Based Vector Model......Page 162
Raster Georeferencing......Page 164
Vector and Raster Data Model Conversion......Page 165
Raster-to-Vector Conversion......Page 166
Relational Databases......Page 169
Different Database Relationships......Page 170
Types of Attribute Data......Page 171
Adding and Deleting Attribute Fields......Page 172
Selection by Attribute......Page 173
Combinations of Data Queries......Page 174
New Data Layers......Page 175
Glossary......Page 176
References......Page 177
Buffering Using Vector Data......Page 179
Types of Buffering......Page 183
Overlay Using Vector Data......Page 185
Raster Distance Measurement Operations......Page 195
Local Raster Operations......Page 198
Neighborhood Raster Operations......Page 210
Zonal Operations......Page 219
Review Questions......Page 221
Glossary......Page 222
References......Page 223
Overview......Page 225
Geocoding......Page 226
Geocoding Components......Page 227
Address Matching......Page 228
Transportation (Undirected) Network Analysis......Page 230
Building a Topologically Correct Transportation (Undirected) Network Geodatabase......Page 231
Network Analysis Problem: What Is the Optimum Route (Shortest Path)?......Page 233
Network Analysis Problem: Traveling Salesperson Optimum Route......Page 237
Network Analysis Problem: Where Is the Closest Facility?......Page 238
Network Analysis Problem: What Is the Service Area of a Particular Facility?......Page 239
Network Analysis Problem: Location-Allocation Modeling for Facility Location......Page 243
Network Analysis Problem: Maximize Market Share......Page 248
Building a Topologically Correct Geometric Utility (Directed) Database......Page 252
Network Analysis Problem: Tracing Edges and Junctions Upstream or Downstream in a Utility Network......Page 256
Network Analysis Problem: Using Barriers in a Utility Network......Page 258
Review Questions......Page 259
Glossary......Page 260
References......Page 261
Linear Distance Measurement Based on the Pythagorean Theorem......Page 263
Manhattan Distance Measurement......Page 265
Polygon Perimeter and Area Measurements......Page 266
Perimeter Measurement......Page 267
Polygon Area Measurement......Page 268
Descriptive Statistics......Page 270
Mean Center......Page 273
Spatial Autocorrelation......Page 274
Moran’s I......Page 275
Quadrat Analysis......Page 277
Nearest-Neighbor Point Analysis......Page 279
Review Questions......Page 282
Glossary......Page 283
References......Page 284
Overview......Page 287
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) Data Structure......Page 288
TIN Surface Processing......Page 289
Spatial Interpolation......Page 291
Surface Processing of Raster 3-Dimensional Data......Page 302
Review Questions......Page 306
Glossary......Page 307
References......Page 308
Are You a Geographer/Cartographer at Heart?......Page 309
Medieval T-in-O Maps......Page 310
Age of Exploration, Printing, and Atlases......Page 312
Modern Map-making......Page 314
The Cartographic Process......Page 315
Feature Type......Page 317
Geographic Measurement Level......Page 318
Typography......Page 320
Thematic Content and the Figure-Ground Relationship......Page 322
North Arrows and Compass Roses......Page 323
Scale Bar......Page 324
Geospatial Metadata......Page 325
Point Mapping Using Proportional or Graduated Symbols......Page 326
Standardized Point Symbols......Page 328
Mapping Linear Data......Page 329
Flow Mapping Using Graduated (Proportional) Line Symbolization......Page 330
Isarithmic Mapping......Page 331
Thematic Mapping of Spatial Data Constrained by Administrative Units: Choropleth Mapping......Page 336
Controlled Photomaps and Imagemaps......Page 343
Orthophotos, Orthophotomaps, Orthoimages, and Orthoimagemaps......Page 345
Review Questions......Page 347
Glossary......Page 348
References......Page 349
Type of Computer......Page 351
Memory (Read-Only and Random Access)......Page 352
Display......Page 353
GIS Data Storage and Archiving Considerations......Page 354
GIS Software Considerations......Page 355
GIS Software......Page 356
Data Capture and Data Formats......Page 358
GIS Software Support......Page 359
When Should You Program?......Page 361
Computer Programming Basics......Page 362
GIS Programming Integration......Page 364
Review Questions......Page 365
References......Page 367
GIS Careers in the Public and Private Sectors......Page 369
Association with Professional Organizations......Page 371
Knowledge about Other Mapping Sciences (Geotechnologies)......Page 373
GIS Certificates, Certification, and Licensure......Page 374
GIS Technical Considerations......Page 375
Cloud Computing and GIS......Page 376
Web-based GIS......Page 377
Mobile GIS......Page 378
Volunteered Geographic Information......Page 379
Three-Dimensional Visualization......Page 380
GIS Data Liability......Page 383
Fourth Amendment Privacy Considerations......Page 384
Advances in Data Collection Platforms......Page 386
Advances in Digital Image Processing......Page 387
Glossary......Page 388
References......Page 389
Table of Contents......Page 391
USGS EarthExplorer......Page 392
Geo.Data.gov......Page 393
U.S. Census Bureau......Page 394
OpenStreetMap......Page 395
Esri ArcGIS® Online......Page 396
Digital Elevation Data......Page 397
References......Page 398
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