Introductory Circuit Analysis

Cover
Summary of Equations (ac)
Title Page
Copyright
Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Electrical/Electronics Industry
1.2 A Brief History
1.3 Units of Measurement
1.4 Systems of Units
1.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off
1.6 Powers of Ten
1.7 Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and Engineering Notation
1.8 Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten
1.9 Conversion Within and Between Systems of Units
1.10 Symbols
1.11 Conversion Tables
1.12 Calculators
1.13 Computer Analysis
Chapter 2: Voltage and Current
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Atoms and Their Structure
2.3 Voltage
2.4 Current
2.5 Voltage Sources
2.6 Ampere-Hour Rating
2.7 Battery Life Factors
2.8 Conductors and Insulators
2.9 Semiconductors
2.10 Ammeters and Voltmeters
2.11 Applications
Chapter 3: Resistance
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Resistance: Circular Wires
3.3 Wire Tables
3.4 Temperature Effects
3.5 Conductors and the Inferred Absolute Temperature (Ti)
3.6 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
3.7 PPM/°C
3.8 Types of Resistors
3.9 Color Coding and Standard Resistor Values
3.10 Surface Mount Resistors
3.11 Conductance
3.12 Ohmmeters
3.13 Resistance: Metric Units
3.14 The Fourth Element—The Memristor
3.15 Superconductors
3.16 Thermistors
3.17 Photoconductive Cell
3.18 Varistors
3.19 Applications
Chapter 4: Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ohm’s Law
4.3 Plotting Ohm’s Law
4.4 Power
4.5 Energy
4.6 Efficiency
4.7 Circuit Breakers, GFCIs, and Fuses
4.8 Applications
Chapter 5: Series dc Circuits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Series Resistors
5.3 Series Circuits
5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit
5.5 Voltage Sources in Series
5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
5.7 Voltage Division in a Series Circuit
5.8 Interchanging Series Elements
5.9 Notation
5.10 Ground Connection Awareness
5.11 Voltage Regulation and the Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources
5.12 Loading Effects of Instruments
5.13 Protoboards (Breadboards)
5.14 Applications
Chapter 6: Parallel dc Circuits
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parallel Resistors
6.3 Parallel Circuits
6.4 Power Distribution in a Parallel Circuit
6.5 Kirchhoff’s Current Law
6.6 Current Divider Rule
6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel
6.8 Open and Short Circuits
6.9 Voltmeter Loading Effects
6.10 Summary Table
6.11 Troubleshooting Techniques
6.12 Protoboards (Breadboards)
6.13 Applications
Chapter 7: Series-Parallel Circuits
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Series-Parallel Networks
7.3 Reduce and Return Approach
7.4 Block Diagram Approach
7.5 Descriptive Examples
7.6 Ladder Networks
7.7 Voltage Divider Supply (Unloaded and Loaded)
7.8 Potentiometer Loading
7.9 Impact of Shorts and Open Circuits
7.10 Ammeter, Voltmeter, and Ohmmeter Design
7.11 Applications
Chapter 8: Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (dc)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Current Sources
8.3 Branch-Current Analysis
8.4 Mesh Analysis (General Approach)
8.5 Mesh Analysis (Format Approach)
8.6 Nodal Analysis (General Approach)
8.7 Nodal Analysis (Format Approach)
8.8 Bridge Networks
8.9 Y-Δ (T-π) and Δ-Y (π-T) Conversions
8.10 Applications
Chapter 9: Network Theorems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Superposition Theorem
9.3 Thévenin’s Theorem
9.4 Norton’s Theorem
9.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
9.6 Millman’s Theorem
9.7 Substitution Theorem
9.8 Reciprocity Theorem
Chapter 10: Capacitors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Electric Field
10.3 Capacitance
10.4 Capacitors
10.5 Transients in Capacitive Networks: The Charging Phase
10.6 Transients in Capacitive Networks: The Discharging Phase
10.7 Initial Conditions
10.8 Instantaneous Values
10.9 Thévenin Equivalent: ˚ = RTHC
10.10 The Current iC
10.11 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
10.12 Energy Stored by a Capacitor
10.13 Stray Capacitances
10.14 Applications
Chapter 11: Inductors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Magnetic Field
11.3 Inductance
11.4 Induced Voltage vL
11.5 R-L Transients: The Storage Phase
11.6 Initial Conditions
11.7 R-L Transients: The Release Phase
11.8 Thévenin Equivalent: τ = L /RTh
11.9 Instantaneous Values
11.10 Average Induced Voltage: vLav
11.11 Inductors in Series and in Parallel
11.12 Steady-State Conditions
11.13 Energy Stored by an Inductor
11.14 Applications
Chapter 12: Magnetic Circuits
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Magnetic Field
12.3 Reluctance
12.4 Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits
12.5 Magnetizing Force
12.6 Hysteresis
12.7 Ampère’s Circuital Law
12.8 Flux Φ
12.9 Series Magnetic Circuits: Determining NI
12.10 Air Gaps
12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits
12.12 Determining Φ
12.13 Applications
Chapter 13: Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics and Definitions
13.3 Frequency Spectrum
13.4 The Sinusoidal Waveform
13.5 General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
13.6 Phase Relations
13.7 Average Value
13.8 Effective (rms) Values
13.9 Converters and Inverters
13.10 ac Meters and Instruments
13.11 Applications
Chapter 14: The Basic Elements and Phasors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
14.3 Frequency Response of the Basic Elements
14.4 Average Power and Power Factor
14.5 Complex Numbers
14.6 Rectangular Form
14.7 Polar Form
14.8 Conversion Between Forms
14.9 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers
14.10 Calculator Methods with Complex Numbers
14.11 Phasors
Chapter 15: Series ac Circuits
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Resistive Elements
15.3 Inductive Elements
15.4 Capacitive Elements
15.5 Impedance Diagram
15.6 Series Configuration
15.7 Voltage Divider Rule
15.8 Frequency Response for Series ac Circuits
15.9 Summary: Series ac Circuits
15.10 Phase Measurements
15.11 Applications
Chapter 16: Parallel ac Circuits
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Total Impedance
16.3 Total Admittance
16.4 Parallel ac Networks
16.5 Current Divider Rule (CDR)
16.6 Frequency Response of Parallel Elements
16.7 Summary: Parallel ac Networks
16.8 Equivalent Circuits
16.9 Applications
Chapter 17: Series-Parallel ac Networks
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Illustrative Examples
17.3 Ladder Networks
17.4 Grounding
17.5 Applications
Chapter 18: Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ac)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Independent Versus Dependent (Controlled) Sources
18.3 Source Conversions
18.4 Mesh Analysis
18.5 Nodal Analysis
18.6 Bridge Networks (ac)
18.7 Δ-Y, Y-Δ Conversions
Chapter 19: Network Theorems (ac)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Superposition Theorem
19.3 Thévenin’s Theorem
19.4 Norton’s Theorem
19.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
19.6 Substitution, Reciprocity, and Millman’s Theorems
19.7 Application
Chapter 20: Power (ac)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 General Equation
20.3 Resistive Circuit
20.4 Apparent Power
20.5 Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power
20.6 Capacitive Circuit
20.7 The Power Triangle
20.8 The Total P, Q, and S
20.9 Power-Factor Correction
20.10 Power Meters
20.11 Effective Resistance
20.12 Applications
Chapter 21: Resonance
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Series Resonant Circuit
21.3 The Quality Factor (Q)
21.4 ZT Versus Frequency
21.5 Selectivity
21.6 VR, VL, and VC
21.7 Practical Considerations
21.8 Summary
21.9 Examples (Series Resonance)
21.10 Parallel Resonant Circuit
21.11 Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits
21.12 Effect of Ql ≥ 10
21.13 Summary Table
21.14 Examples (Parallel Resonance)
21.15 Applications
Chapter 22: Decibels, Filters, and Bode Plots
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Properties of Logarithms
22.3 Decibels
22.4 Filters
22.5 R-C Low-Pass Filter
22.6 R-C High-Pass Filter
22.7 Band-Pass Filters
22.8 Band-Stop Filters
22.9 Double-Tuned Filter
22.10 Other Filter Configurations
22.11 Bode Plots
22.12 Sketching the Bode Response
22.13 Additional Properties of Bode Plots
22.14 Crossover Networks
22.15 Applications
Chapter 23: Transformers
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Basic Operation
23.3 Reflected Impedance and Power
23.4 Impedance Matching, Isolation, and Displacement
23.5 Equivalent Circuit (Iron-Core Transformer)
23.6 Frequency Considerations
23.7 Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils
23.8 Air-Core Transformer
23.9 Nameplate Data
23.10 Types of Transformers
23.11 Tapped and Multiple-Load Transformers
23.12 Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils
23.13 Current Transformers
23.14 Applications
Chapter 24: Polyphase Systems
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Three-Phase Generator
24.3 Y-Connected Generator
24.4 Phase Sequence (Y-Connected Generator)
24.5 Y-Connected Generator with a Y-Connected Load
24.6 Y-Δ System
24.7 Δ-Connected Generator
24.8 Phase Sequence (Δ-Connected Generator)
24.9 Δ-Δ Δ-Y Three-Phase Systems
24.10 Power
24.11 Three-Wattmeter Method
24.12 Two-Wattmeter Method
24.13 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Four-Wire, Y-Connected Load
24.14 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Three-Wire, Y-Connected Load
24.15 Residential and Industrial Service Distribution Systems
Chapter 25: Pulse Waveforms and the R-C Response
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ideal Versus Actual
25.3 Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle
25.4 Average Value
25.5 Transient R-C Networks
25.6 R-C Response to Square-Wave Inputs
25.7 Oscilloscope Attenuator and Compensating Probe
25.8 Application
Chapter 26: Nonsinusoidal circuits
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Fourier Series
26.3 Fourier Expansion of a Square Wave
26.4 Fourier Expansion of a Half-Wave Rectified Waveform
26.5 Fourier Spectrum
26.6 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input
26.7 Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
Appendices
Appendix A: Conversion Factors
Appendix B: Determinants
Appendix C: Greek Alphabet
Appendix D: Magnetic Parameter Conversions
Appendix E: Maximum Power Transfer Conditions
Appendix F: Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Summary of Equations (dc)