Introduction to the Human Body, 10th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 7
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Brief Contents......Page 17
Contents......Page 18
1.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems......Page 27
Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems......Page 32
Negative Feedback Systems......Page 33
Homeostasis and Disease......Page 34
1.5 Aging and Homeostasis......Page 35
Directional Terms......Page 36
Planes and Sections......Page 40
1.7 Body Cavities......Page 41
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants......Page 43
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 44
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 47
Chemical Elements and Atoms......Page 48
Ions, Molecules, and Compounds......Page 50
Ionic Bonds......Page 51
Chemical Reactions......Page 52
Forms of Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 53
Reversible Reactions......Page 54
Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH......Page 55
Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems......Page 56
Lipids......Page 57
Proteins......Page 60
Enzymes......Page 61
Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)......Page 62
Adenosine Triphosphate......Page 64
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 65
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 66
3.2 The Plasma Membrane......Page 67
3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane......Page 69
Diffusion: The Principle......Page 70
Osmosis......Page 71
Active Transport......Page 73
Transport in Vesicles......Page 74
3.4 Cytoplasm......Page 75
Cilia and Flagella......Page 76
Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 77
Golgi Complex......Page 78
Mitochondria......Page 79
3.5 Nucleus......Page 80
Transcription......Page 82
Translation......Page 83
Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis......Page 85
3.9 Aging and Cells......Page 87
Common Disorders......Page 88
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 89
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 90
Critical Thinking Applications......Page 92
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 93
General Features of Epithelial Tissue......Page 94
Classification of Epithelial Tissues......Page 95
Glandular Epithelium......Page 102
Ground Substance......Page 103
Fibers......Page 104
Dense Connective Tissue......Page 105
Liquid Connective Tissue......Page 109
Synovial Membranes......Page 111
4.8 Aging and Tissues......Page 113
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 114
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 117
Structure of Skin......Page 118
Epidermis......Page 119
Tattooing and Body Piercing......Page 121
Hair......Page 122
Sebaceous Glands......Page 123
Nails......Page 124
5.3 Functions of the Skin......Page 125
5.4 Aging and the Integumentary System......Page 126
Common Disorders......Page 128
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 130
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 131
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 132
6.2 Types of Bones......Page 133
Macroscopic Structure of Bone......Page 134
Compact Bone Tissue......Page 135
Intramembranous Ossification......Page 137
Endochondral Ossification......Page 139
Bone Remodeling......Page 140
Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis......Page 141
6.5 Exercise and Bone Tissue......Page 142
6.6 Divisions of the Skeletal System......Page 143
6.7 Skull and Hyoid Bone......Page 144
Fontanels......Page 152
Regions of the Vertebral Column......Page 153
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column......Page 154
Vertebrae......Page 155
6.10 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle......Page 160
6.11 Upper Limb......Page 161
6.12 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle......Page 165
6.13 Lower Limb......Page 167
6.14 Comparison of Female and Male Skeletons......Page 172
6.15 Aging and the Skeletal System......Page 173
Common Disorders......Page 175
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 176
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 177
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 179
7.1 Classification of Joints......Page 180
7.2 Fibrous Joints......Page 181
Structure of Synovial Joints......Page 182
Angular Movements......Page 184
Special Movements......Page 186
7.6 Types of Synovial Joints......Page 188
7.7 Aging and Joints......Page 192
Common Disorders......Page 193
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 194
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 195
Functions of Muscular Tissue......Page 196
Histology......Page 197
Neuromuscular Junction......Page 200
Physiology of Contraction......Page 202
Muscle Tone......Page 203
Energy for Contraction......Page 205
8.5 Control of Muscle Tension......Page 206
Frequency of Stimulation......Page 207
8.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue......Page 208
8.8 Smooth Muscle Tissue......Page 209
Origin and Insertion......Page 211
8.11 Principal Skeletal Muscles......Page 212
Common Disorders......Page 241
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 242
Critical Thinking Applications......Page 244
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 245
Peripheral Nervous System......Page 246
Classification of Neurons......Page 248
Myelination......Page 250
9.3 Action Potentials......Page 252
Resting Membrane Potential......Page 253
Generation of Action Potentials......Page 254
Conduction of Nerve Impulses......Page 255
Events at a Chemical Synapse......Page 256
Common Disorders......Page 258
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 259
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 261
Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord......Page 262
10.2 Spinal Nerves......Page 263
Spinal Nerve Coverings......Page 265
10.3 Spinal Cord Functions......Page 266
Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 268
Medulla Oblongata......Page 271
Midbrain......Page 272
Hypothalamus......Page 273
Cerebrum......Page 274
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 276
Somatic Sensory and Somatic Motor Pathways......Page 277
Memory......Page 279
Electroencephalogram (EEG)......Page 280
10.5 Cranial Nerves......Page 281
10.6 Aging and the Nervous System......Page 282
Common Disorders......Page 283
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 284
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 286
11.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 287
Organization of the Sympathetic Division......Page 289
Organization of the Parasympathetic Division......Page 291
Parasympathetic Activities......Page 293
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 295
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 296
Characteristics of Sensations......Page 297
12.2 Somatic Senses......Page 298
Pressure......Page 299
Proprioceptive Sensations......Page 300
Structure of the Olfactory Epithelium......Page 301
Stimulation of Olfactory Receptors......Page 302
Stimulation of Gustatory Receptors......Page 303
The Gustatory Pathway......Page 304
Fibrous Tunic......Page 305
Retina......Page 307
Interior of the Eyeball......Page 308
Accommodation......Page 310
Stimulation of Photoreceptors......Page 311
External (Outer) Ear......Page 312
Internal (Inner) Ear......Page 313
Physiology of Hearing......Page 315
Equilibrium Pathways......Page 316
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 321
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 322
Critical Thinking Applications......Page 323
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 324
13.1 Introduction......Page 325
Action of Lipid-soluble Hormones......Page 327
13.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 328
Posterior Pituitary Hormones......Page 330
Antidiuretic Hormone......Page 331
Actions of Thyroid Hormones......Page 333
Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion......Page 334
13.5 Parathyroid Glands......Page 335
Actions of Glucagon and Insulin......Page 336
Androgens......Page 340
13.8 Ovaries and Testes......Page 342
Hormones from Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs......Page 343
13.11 The Stress Response......Page 344
13.12 Aging and the Endocrine System......Page 345
Common Disorders......Page 347
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 348
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 349
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 351
14.2 Components of Whole Blood......Page 352
Formed Elements......Page 354
RBC Life Cycle......Page 355
White Blood Cells......Page 357
14.3 Hemostasis......Page 359
Platelet Plug Formation......Page 360
Blood Clotting......Page 361
14.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types......Page 362
Transfusions......Page 363
Typing and Cross-matching Blood for Transfusion......Page 364
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 365
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 366
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 367
Heart Wall......Page 368
Chambers of the Heart......Page 371
Valves of the Heart......Page 373
Blood Supply of the Heart......Page 374
15.3 Conduction System of the Heart......Page 376
15.5 The Cardiac Cycle......Page 377
Heart Sounds......Page 378
Autonomic Regulation of Heart Rate......Page 379
Other Factors in Heart Rate Regulation......Page 380
Common Disorders......Page 381
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 383
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 384
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 385
Arteries and Arterioles......Page 386
Capillaries......Page 387
Capillary Exchange......Page 388
Structure of Venules and Veins......Page 389
Venous Return......Page 390
Role of the Cardiovascular Center......Page 391
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow......Page 392
Systemic Circulation......Page 393
Fetal Circulation......Page 408
Pulse......Page 410
16.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System......Page 411
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 413
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 414
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 415
17.1 Lymphatic System......Page 417
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues......Page 419
Lymph Nodes......Page 420
Lymphatic Nodules......Page 421
Antimicrobial Substances......Page 422
Inflammation......Page 423
Fever......Page 424
Clonal Selection: The Principle......Page 425
Processing and Presenting Antigens......Page 427
T Cells and Cell-mediated Immunity......Page 428
Elimination of Invaders......Page 429
B Cells and Antibody-mediated Immunity......Page 431
Primary and Secondary Responses......Page 432
17.4 Aging and the Immune System......Page 433
Common Disorders......Page 435
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 437
Critical Thinking Applications......Page 439
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 440
Nose......Page 441
Pharynx......Page 442
Larynx......Page 443
Trachea......Page 444
Bronchi and Bronchioles......Page 445
Alveoli......Page 446
Muscles of Inhalation and Exhalation......Page 447
Pressure Changes During Breathing......Page 449
Lung Volumes and Capacities......Page 450
Breathing Patterns and Modified Breathing Movements......Page 451
External Respiration: Pulmonary Gas Exchange......Page 452
Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 454
Medullary Respiratory Center......Page 456
Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing......Page 457
18.7 Aging and the Respiratory System......Page 459
Common Disorders......Page 461
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 462
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 463
Critical Thinking Applications......Page 464
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 465
19.1 Overview of the Digestive System......Page 466
19.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Omentum......Page 467
Salivary Glands......Page 469
Teeth......Page 470
19.4 Pharynx and Esophagus......Page 472
19.5 Stomach......Page 473
Structure of the Stomach......Page 474
Digestion and Absorption in the Stomach......Page 475
Pancreatic Juice......Page 476
Structure of the Liver and Gallbladder......Page 477
Bile......Page 478
Structure of the Small Intestine......Page 479
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine......Page 480
Absorption in the Small Intestine......Page 482
Absorption of Monosaccharides......Page 483
Structure of the Large Intestine......Page 484
The Defecation Reflex......Page 486
Intestinal Phase......Page 487
19.11 Aging and the Digestive System......Page 488
Common Disorders......Page 490
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 491
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 494
Guidelines for Healthy Living......Page 495
Vitamins......Page 496
Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 500
Glucose Catabolism......Page 501
Glucose Anabolism......Page 502
Lipid Catabolism......Page 503
Protein Catabolism......Page 504
Protein Anabolism......Page 505
Body Heat Loss......Page 506
Regulation of Body Temperature......Page 507
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 508
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 509
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 510
21.1 Overview of the Urinary System......Page 511
Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 513
Nephrons......Page 514
21.3 Functions of the Nephron......Page 516
Net Filtration Pressure......Page 517
Tubular Reabsorption......Page 518
Hormonal Regulation of Nephron Functions......Page 520
Components of Urine......Page 521
Urinary Bladder......Page 522
Urethra......Page 523
21.5 Aging and the Urinary System......Page 524
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 526
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 527
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 528
22.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance......Page 529
Regulation of Body Water Gain......Page 530
Regulation of Water and Solute Loss......Page 531
Movement of Water Between Fluid Compartments......Page 532
22.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids......Page 533
Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide......Page 536
Acid-Base Imbalances......Page 537
22.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance......Page 538
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 539
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 540
Testes......Page 541
Spermatogenesis......Page 544
Hormonal Control of the Testes......Page 546
Ductus Deferens......Page 547
Penis......Page 548
Oogenesis......Page 549
Perineum and Vulva......Page 552
Mammary Glands......Page 554
Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle......Page 556
Postovulatory Phase......Page 558
Surgical Sterilization......Page 559
Hormonal Methods......Page 560
Periodic Abstinence......Page 561
23.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems......Page 562
Common Disorders......Page 564
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 566
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 567
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 569
Fertilization......Page 570
Early Embryonic Development......Page 571
Second Week of Development......Page 572
Development of the Allantois, Chorionic Villi, and Placenta......Page 575
Fourth Through Eighth Weeks of Development......Page 576
Hormones of Pregnancy......Page 578
Changes During Pregnancy......Page 579
24.5 Labor and Delivery......Page 581
24.6 Lactation......Page 582
Genotype and Phenotype......Page 583
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes......Page 585
Common Disorders......Page 586
Medical Terminology and Conditions......Page 587
Chapter Review and Resource Summary......Page 588
Answers to Figure Questions......Page 589
ANSWERS......Page 591
GLOSSARY......Page 595
CREDITS......Page 617
INDEX......Page 619
Eponyms Used in This Text......Page 641
Combining Forms, Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes......Page 642
EULA......Page 644