Introduction to the History of Cyprus

HISTORY OF CYPRUS - final cover......Page 1
chapter_01......Page 2
CYPRUS IN ANTIQUITY......Page 3
Prehistoric Cyprus......Page 5
Roman Cyprus......Page 46
Chalcolithic Age......Page 6
Bronze Age (2500-1050)......Page 7
The Geometric Period (1050-750)......Page 11
Archaic and Classical Cyprus - The Age of Kingdoms (8 - 4 BC)......Page 12
Sources and Evidences of Cypriot Kingdoms......Page 13
Cypriot Kingship......Page 14
Population and language......Page 16
The Assyrian Royal Inscriptions......Page 19
Cyprus and Assyria......Page 22
The Cypriot Kingdoms under the Persian Empire......Page 23
The Ionian Revolt......Page 24
Persian Wars and the Cypriot Kingdoms......Page 25
Archaic economy, culture and religion......Page 26
Athens, Persia and Cypriot Kingdoms......Page 28
The Athenians in Cyprus......Page 29
The Kingship of Evagoras......Page 31
From Evagoras to Alexander......Page 34
Alexander and the Cypriot kingdoms (332-323)......Page 35
The end of the Cypriot Kingdoms (323-294)......Page 36
Classical Cyprus: Culture, economy and religion......Page 38
Hellenistic Cyprus......Page 40
Ptolemaic administration......Page 41
Hellenistic Cyprus: Culture, Religion, and Society......Page 44
Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Cyprus......Page 47
Roman administration......Page 48
Roman Cyprus: economy, society, and religion......Page 50
Bibliography......Page 54
Cyprus under the Byzantine Empire (4th century to the Crusades, 324-1191)......Page 55
Introduction......Page 56
Cyprus in the 4th and 5th century......Page 57
The Cypriot Church......Page 58
Administrative changes in the 6th and the 7th century......Page 59
Economic life......Page 60
The treaty of 686 and its consequences......Page 61
Cyprus between Byzantines and Arabs in 8th and 9th century......Page 63
The crisis of the 10th century......Page 65
Summary - Conclusions......Page 66
Administration and rebel movements in Cyprus until the time of the 1st Crusade......Page 68
Cyprus at the time of the 1st Crusade......Page 69
Cyprus between East and West......Page 72
The Church of Cyprus in the last Byzantine centuries......Page 73
The rebellion of Isaakios Komnenos and its consequences......Page 74
Summary......Page 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 76
chapter_03......Page 77
Frankish and Venetian Cyprus, 1191-1571......Page 78
The First Century, 1191-1291......Page 79
The Zenith of Medieval Cyprus, 1291-1372......Page 87
Kingdom in Decline, 1372-1474......Page 93
Venetian Recovery, 1474-1571......Page 100
Sources in English Translation......Page 104
Main Secondary Bibliography in English......Page 105
chapter_04......Page 106
CONQUEST AND INTEGRATION The Background and Aftermath of the War of Cyprus......Page 107
Introduction......Page 147
Cyprus under Venetian Rule......Page 108
Ottoman Policy after the Conquest......Page 109
The First Ottoman Survey......Page 110
Policy towards the Greek Orthodox Church......Page 111
Islamizations......Page 112
Pious Foundations (Vakıf)......Page 113
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 155
THE OTTOMAN SYSTEM IN CYPRUS IN THE FIRST CENTURY AFTER THE CONQUEST 1571-1670......Page 116
Sipahi and Peasants......Page 118
Class: Askeri and Reaya......Page 119
Berat......Page 120
Cypriot Bishops and Scholars of the 16th and 17th centuries......Page 121
The Demographic Development of the Population of Cyprus......Page 122
Natural Disasters: Drought and Locust Attacks......Page 123
Disease, Epidemics and Life Expectancy......Page 124
CYPRUS IN THE AGE OF OTTOMAN DECENTRALIZATION The Long 18th Century......Page 127
Administration......Page 129
Political Events......Page 130
Education and Culture......Page 131
Archbishop Kyprianos (1810-1821)......Page 132
The Dragomans of the Porte in Istanbul......Page 133
Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios......Page 134
The İltizam System and Lending Activities......Page 137
The Çiftlik......Page 136
Capitulations......Page 138
Consuls and Foreign Merchants......Page 139
Protégés......Page 140
The Ionians and the Creation of a Local Bourgeoisie......Page 141
The Consequences of the Events......Page 142
Mahmud II’s Reforms in Cyprus......Page 148
The Hatt-i Şerif of Gülhane (1839-1856) and the Tanzimat......Page 149
Hatt-i Hümayûn (1856)......Page 150
The Last Ottoman Governors of Cyprus (1856-1878)......Page 151
Church and Education during the Ottoman Reforms......Page 152
Cyprus and the Eastern Question......Page 153
The British Occupation of Cyprus (1878)......Page 154
chapter_05......Page 157
Cyprus in the national and international arenas, 1945-1960: The EOKA struggle - diplomacy and the......Page 197
Introduction......Page 198
March 1947:The new Governor, Lord Winster, arrives in Cyprus
......Page 199
Summer 1948-December 1949:Successive and successful British representation to Athens against raising......Page 200
1951-53:Crisis in Iran
......Page 202
November 1952:Papagos’ Greek Rally triumphs at the Greek general election
......Page 203
August 1954:The “oath of Phaneromeni”
......Page 204
28 July 1954:Announcement in the House of Commons of the Anglo-Egyptian Suez Base Agreement
......Page 205
1950:Rise to power of the Democratic Party under Adnan Menderes
......Page 206
1954:Turkey sides with Britain against the Greek appeal at the UN
......Page 207
April 1955:Britain accedes to the Baghdad Pact
......Page 208
Early April 1955:Churchill resigns, Eden becomes Prime Minister
......Page 209
November 1954:Grivas goes to Cyprus
......Page 210
Summer 1955:EOKA attacks and effectively neutralizes the Cyprus Police
......Page 211
30 June 1955:Britain issues invitations to Greece and Turkey for a conference at London......Page 212
6-7 September 1955:Turkish pogrom against the Greeks of Istanbul – collapse of the Conference
......Page 213
15 December 1955:Death of Charalambos Mouskos
......Page 214
2 February 1956:Makarios accepts in principle the British formula and requests negotiations for the......Page 215
9 August 1956:Executions of EOKA members
......Page 216
Summer 1956:The first mention of the idea of partition by the British and the Turks
......Page 217
October 1956:Official Greek proposal through the US mediator, Julius Holmes
......Page 218
12 October 1956:Turkey suggests the partition of Cyprus to Britain
......Page 219
19 December 1956:Lennox Boyd presents the constitutional proposals in the House of Commons, accompan......Page 220
February 1957:Averoff raises the possibility of guaranteed independence to US Secretary of State Dul......Page 221
17 April 1957:Makarios arrives in Athens
......Page 222
Spring 1957:The British study the possibility of implementing partition......Page 223
Autumn 1957:NATO Secretary-General Spaak offers to mediate in the Cyprus dispute
......Page 224
November-December 1957:The third UN debate on Cyprus......Page 225
January 1958:Presentation of the Foot plan to Turkey. Turkish Cypriot revolt against the British in......Page 226
Late 1957-early 1958:EOKA’s attacks against AKEL members......Page 227
Late June 1958:The British respond to the Turkish Cypriot violence by arresting 1,200 Greek Cypriots......Page 228
14 August 1958:Second version of the Macmillan Plan rejected by Greece, accepted by Turkey and endor......Page 229
23 September 1958:Makarios’ interview with Barbara Castle
......Page 230
January 1958:Exchanges through the diplomatic channels
......Page 231
17-19 February 1959:London Conference
......Page 232
17-19 February 1959:London Conference
......Page 233
6 April 1960:Makarios and Kuchuk sign the Constitution
......Page 234
6 July 1960:The final agreement on the bases
......Page 235
15-16 August 1960:Cyprus becomes an independent state......Page 236
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 237
chapter_07......Page 239
Introduction......Page 240
The Cypriot economy......Page 241
Education......Page 242
May 1946 - Municipal elections in Cyprus......Page 244
December 1947 - Election of Makarios II as Archbishop......Page 245
1948 - Attempt by members of the “X” party of Greece to organize anticommunist activities in Cyprus......Page 246
1948-49 - The British adopt measures against AKEL......Page 247
Developments in the Turkish Cypriot community......Page 248
1951-2 - Reorganization of the Ethnarchy......Page 250
1953-54 - The start of Greek Cypriot mass protest against colonial rule......Page 251
March 1956 - Makarios deported to the Seychelles......Page 252
Education and the anti-colonial struggle......Page 253
1958 - Turkish Cypriot communal violence......Page 254
Challenges in the implementation of the new regime......Page 255
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 257
Cyprus 1960-1974: internal developments......Page 260
Introduction......Page 261
The Constitution, the common state and the communities, 1960-1963.......Page 263
Makarios’ 13 points......Page 265
From the outbreak of inter-communal fighting (December 1963) to the end of 1967......Page 266
A solution for the Cyprus Problem? International efforts, local application......Page 269
Persons, Parties and Elections, 1960-1974......Page 271
Violence and counter-violence in the Republic......Page 272
Denouement: the short road to Coup......Page 276
English language published material......Page 278
Bibliography in Greek......Page 279
List of further resources......Page 280
chapter_10......Page 281
Keywords......Page 282
Introduction......Page 283
A. The Security Council......Page 284
B. The General Assembly......Page 285
C. The UN Commission of Human Rights......Page 287
The illegal declaration of the so called “turkish republic of northern cyprus” and the UN Reaction......Page 288
The Reaction of the Council of Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe......Page 289
The European Court of Human Rights......Page 293
The European Parliament Reaction......Page 295
The United States and Soviet Union Reaction in the 1974 Turkish invasion......Page 296
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 298
Web Sites......Page 299
In search of a settlement, Cyprus solution plans and international diplomacy, 1974-1999......Page 300
Keywords......Page 301
Introduction......Page 302
The First High Level Agreement......Page 303
The first Plan for the solution of the Cyprus Problem. The ABC Plan......Page 305
The Second High Level Agreement......Page 309
The “Cuellar Indicators”......Page 311
Developmnets from the end of 1984 to August 1985......Page 314
The Soviet Union Proposals......Page 316
The Set of Ideas - The “Ghali Ideas”......Page 319
The UN Secretary General proposal for Confidence Building Measures......Page 324
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 326
Web Sites......Page 328
The Annan plan and the April 2004 plebiscite. Cyprus entry to the EU. 1999-2004......Page 329
Keywords......Page 330
Introduction......Page 331
The Conclusions of the European Union Council in Helsinki and the new effort for solving the Cyprus......Page 332
The first visit of a President of the Republic of Cyprus to the occupied areas - The first visit of......Page 334
Article 1 Foundation Agreement......Page 335
Article 4 Conditions of accession to the European Union......Page 336
The Annan Plan II......Page 344
The EU Conclusions in Copenhagen......Page 346
The Annan Plan III......Page 347
The Annan Plan IV......Page 349
The Annan Plan V......Page 350
SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 353
Web Sites......Page 354
A guide to major Cypriot sites......Page 356
Archeological museum, Kourio, Amathounta, Pafos - Mosaics......Page 358
The Cyprus Museum......Page 359
Guide to Amathus......Page 363
Prehistory and History of Amathus Prehistory......Page 364
Historical Period......Page 376
The Palace......Page 365
The harbor......Page 366
The Christian Basilica on the acropolis summit......Page 367
Prehistorical Times (4500-8 B.C.)......Page 368
Topography......Page 381
The Theater......Page 370
The House of Gladiators......Page 372
The Early Christian Basilica......Page 373
Guide to Palaipaphos (Kouklia)......Page 375
The Sanctuary of Aphrodite......Page 377
The City wall and the Palace of Hadji Abdulla......Page 378
The Northeast Gate of the defensive wall......Page 379
The House of Dionysos......Page 382
The House of Orpheus......Page 383
The House of Aion......Page 384
Orthodox Churches and Monsteries of Cyprus The Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Fo......Page 386
KYKKOS MONASTERY......Page 387
ANGELOKTISTI CHURCH......Page 389
Stavros tou Ayiasmati in Platanistasa......Page 390
Ayios Nikolaos tis Stegis (Saint Nicholas of the Roof) in Kakopetria......Page 391
St John Lampadistis in Kalopanagiotis......Page 392
Metamorfosis tou Sotiros or Ayia-Sotera (Transfiguration of the Saviour) in Palaichori......Page 393
English Bibliography......Page 400
Ayia Sophia, Omerye Mosque, Ayia Napa......Page 395
Ayia Sophia......Page 396
Omerye Mosque......Page 398
Ayia Napa......Page 399
Sites of Nicosia......Page 401
The Old Archbishopric, Nicosia......Page 402
Further reading......Page 410
Cyprus Folk Art Museum......Page 404
The House of Hadjigeorgakis Kornessios......Page 407
chapter_13e......Page 411
The Museum of the National Struggle......Page 412
The Monument......Page 419
Sources......Page 422
The Imprisoned Tombs......Page 416