Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Using Stata: From Research Design to Final Report

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Part I •
The Research Process and Data Collection......Page 22
Chapter 1 • The Research Process......Page 23
1.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.2 Read the Literature and Identify Gaps or Ways to Extend the Literature......Page 25
1.4 Develop Your Research Questions and Hypotheses......Page 27
1.5 Develop Your Research Method......Page 28
Exercises......Page 29
References......Page 30
Chapter 2 • Sampling Techniques......Page 31
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2 Sample Design......Page 33
2.3.1 Probability and Nonprobability Sampling......Page 35
2.3.2 Identifying a Sampling Frame......Page 37
2.3.3 Determining the Sample Size......Page 38
2.3.4 Sample Selection Methods......Page 39
2.4.1 Calculating Sampling Weights......Page 42
Exercises......Page 44
References......Page 45
Chapter 3 • Questionnaire Design......Page 46
3.2 Structured and Semi-Structured Questionnaires......Page 47
3.4 General Guidelines for Questionnaire Design......Page 49
3.5.1 Question Order......Page 51
3.5.2 Phrasing the Questions......Page 52
3.6.1 Responses in the Form of Continuous Variables......Page 55
3.6.2 Responses in the Form of Categorical Variables......Page 56
3.7 Skip Patterns......Page 57
3.8 Ethical Issues......Page 59
Exercises......Page 60
References......Page 61
Part II
• Describing Data......Page 62
Chapter 4 • An Introduction to Stata......Page 63
4.2 Opening Stata and Stata Windows......Page 64
4.2.3 Command Window......Page 65
4.3 Working With Existing Data......Page 66
4.4 Entering Your Own Data Into Stata......Page 69
4.5 Using Log Files and Saving Your Work......Page 72
4.6.3 Stata Website......Page 75
4.7 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 76
Exercises......Page 77
5.1 Introduction......Page 80
5.2 Checking for Outliers......Page 81
5.3.1 Generate......Page 84
5.3.3 Recode......Page 85
5.3.4 Egen......Page 88
5.5 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 90
Exercises......Page 92
References......Page 94
Chapter 6 • Descriptive Statistics......Page 95
6.2 Types of Variables and Measurement......Page 96
6.3.1 Frequency Tables......Page 98
6.3.2 Mode......Page 101
6.4.1 Median......Page 102
6.4.2 Percentiles......Page 103
6.5
Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables: Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Coefficient of Variation......Page 104
6.5.1 Mean......Page 105
6.5.2 Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 108
6.5.3 Coefficient of Variation......Page 109
6.6 Descriptive Statistics for Categorical Variables Measured on a Nominal or Ordinal Scale: Cross Tabulation......Page 112
6.7 Applying Sampling Weights......Page 115
6.9.2 Box Plots......Page 117
6.9.3 Histograms......Page 121
6.9.4 Pie Charts......Page 122
6.10 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 125
Exercises......Page 126
References......Page 128
Part III
• Testing Hypotheses......Page 130
Chapter 7 • The Normal Distribution......Page 131
7.1 Introduction......Page 132
7.2 The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores......Page 133
7.3 Sampling Distributions and Standard Errors......Page 140
7.4
Examining the Theory and Identifying the Research Question and Hypothesis......Page 142
7.5 Testing for Statistical Significance......Page 143
7.6 Rejecting or Not Rejecting the Null Hypothesis......Page 145
7.8 Central Limit Theorem......Page 146
7.9 Presenting the Results......Page 148
Exercises......Page 149
References......Page 151
Chapter 8 • Testing a Hypothesis About a Single Mean......Page 152
8.1 Introduction......Page 153
8.2 When to Use the One-Sample t Test......Page 154
8.3 Calculating the One-Sample t Test......Page 156
8.4 Conducting a One-Sample t Test......Page 158
8.5 Interpreting the Output......Page 159
8.7 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 161
References......Page 162
Chapter 9 • Testing a Hypothesis About Two Independent Means......Page 163
9.1 Introduction......Page 164
9.2 When to Use a Two Independent-Samples t Test......Page 165
9.4 Conducting a t Test......Page 167
9.5 Interpreting the Output......Page 172
9.6 Presenting the Results......Page 174
Exercises......Page 175
References......Page 177
Chapter 10 • One-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 178
10.1 Introduction......Page 179
10.2 When to Use One-Way ANOVA......Page 180
10.3 Calculating the F Ratio......Page 181
10.4 Conducting a One-Way ANOVA Test......Page 183
10.5 Interpreting the Output......Page 186
10.6 Is One Mean Different or Are All of Them Different?......Page 187
10.7 Presenting the Results......Page 188
10.8 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 189
Exercises......Page 190
References......Page 192
Chapter 11 • Cross Tabulation and the Chi-Squared Test......Page 193
11.1 Introduction......Page 194
11.2 When to Use the Chi-Squared Test......Page 195
11.3 Calculating the Chi-Square Statistic......Page 196
11.4 Conducting a Chi-Squared Test......Page 198
11.5 Interpreting the Output......Page 200
11.6 Presenting the Results......Page 202
Exercises......Page 203
References......Page 204
Part IV
• Exploring Relationships......Page 206
Chapter 12 • Linear Regression Analysis......Page 207
12.1 Introduction......Page 208
12.2 When to Use Regression Analysis......Page 209
12.3 Correlation......Page 211
12.4 Simple Regression Analysis......Page 216
12.5 Multiple Regression Analysis......Page 223
12.6 Presenting the Results......Page 232
12.7 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 234
Exercises......Page 235
References......Page 237
Chapter 13 • Regression Diagnostics......Page 238
13.1 Introduction......Page 239
13.2 Measurement Error......Page 240
13.3 Specification Error......Page 245
13.3.1 Types of Specification Errors......Page 246
13.3.2 Diagnosing Specification Error......Page 248
13.3.3 Correcting Specification Error......Page 250
13.4 Multicollinearity......Page 256
13.5 Heteroscedasticity......Page 259
13.6 Endogeneity......Page 263
13.7 Nonnormality......Page 265
13.8 Presenting the Results......Page 270
13.9 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 271
References......Page 273
Chapter 14 •
Regression Analysis With Categorical Dependent Variables......Page 274
14.1 Introduction......Page 275
14.2 When to Use Logit or Probit Analysis......Page 277
14.3 Understanding the Logit Model......Page 279
14.4.1 Running Logit Regression in Stata......Page 282
14.4.2 Interpreting the Results of a Logit Model......Page 286
14.5 Logit Versus Probit Regression Models......Page 291
14.6 Regression Analysis With Other Types of Categorical Dependent Variables......Page 293
14.7 Presenting the Results......Page 295
14.8 Summary of Commands Used in This Chapter......Page 299
Exercises......Page 301
References......Page 302
Part V • Writing a Research Paper......Page 304
Chapter 15 • Writing a Research Paper......Page 305
15.2 Introduction Section of a Research Paper......Page 306
15.3 Literature Review......Page 310
15.4 Theory, Data, and Methods......Page 313
15.5 Results......Page 314
15.5.1 Logical Sequence......Page 315
15.5.2 Tables, Figures, and Numbers......Page 316
15.5.3 Reporting Results From Statistical Tests......Page 318
15.5.4 Active Versus Passive Voice and the Use of First-Person Pronouns......Page 319
15.6 Discussion......Page 320
15.7 Conclusions......Page 321
References......Page 322
Appendix 1 • Quick Reference Guide to Stata Commands......Page 324
Appendix 2 • Summary of Statistical Tests by Chapter......Page 340
Appendix 3 • Decision Tree for Choosing the Right Statistic......Page 346
Appendix 4 • Decision Rules for Statistical Significance......Page 347
Appendix 5 • Areas Under the Normal Curve (Z Scores)......Page 349
Appendix 6 • Critical Values of the t Distribution......Page 351
Appendix 7 • Stata Code for Random Sampling......Page 353
Appendix 8 • Examples of Nonlinear Functions......Page 359
Appendix 9 • Estimating the Minimum Sample Size......Page 371
Glossary......Page 375
About the Authors......Page 381
Name Index......Page 382
Subject Index......Page 384