Introduction To Statistics & Data Analysis

Front Cover......Page 1
Index of Applications in Examples and Activities......Page 3
Title Page......Page 8
Copyright Page......Page 10
Dedication Page......Page 11
About the Authors......Page 12
Brief Contents......Page 13
CONTENTS......Page 14
An Organization That Reflects the Data Analysis Process......Page 18
A Focus on Interpretation and Communication......Page 19
Consistent with Recommendations for the Introductory Statistics Course Endorsed by the American Statistical Association......Page 20
Advanced Placement Statistics......Page 21
In This Edition......Page 22
Digital......Page 23
Print......Page 24
Available Online......Page 25
Reviewers for the Third and Second Editions......Page 26
Chapter 1: The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process......Page 35
1.1: Why Study Statistics?......Page 36
1.2: The Nature and Role of Variability......Page 37
1.3: Statistics and the Data Analysis Process......Page 39
1.4: Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays......Page 44
Activity 1.1: Twitter Words......Page 59
Activity 1.3: Estimating Sizes......Page 60
Activity 1.4: A Meaningful Paragraph......Page 62
Chapter 2: Collecting Data Sensibly......Page 65
2.1: Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation......Page 66
2.2: Sampling......Page 71
2.3: Simple Comparative Experiments......Page 83
2.4: More on Experimental Design......Page 99
2.5: More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional)......Page 104
2.6: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 110
Activity 2.1: Facebook Friending......Page 113
Activity 2.2: An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect......Page 114
Activity 2.4: Video Games and Pain Management......Page 115
Activity 2.5: Be Careful with Random Assignment!......Page 116
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 121
Chapter 3: Graphical Methods for Describing Data......Page 129
3.1: Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts......Page 130
3.2: Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays......Page 141
3.3: Displaying Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions and Histograms......Page 151
3.4: Displaying Bivariate Numerical Data......Page 173
3.5: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 182
Activity 3.2: Bean Counters!......Page 192
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 199
Cumulative Review Exercises......Page 202
Chapter 4: Numerical Methods for Describing Data......Page 207
4.1: Describing the Center of a Data Set......Page 208
4.2: Describing Variability in a Data Set......Page 219
4.3: Summarizing a Data Set: Boxplots......Page 228
4.4: Interpreting Center and Variability: Chebyshev’s Rule, the Empirical Rule, and z Scores......Page 234
4.5: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 243
Activity 4.2: Airline Passenger Weights......Page 248
Activity 4.3: Boxplot Shapes......Page 249
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 253
Chapter 5: Summarizing Bivariate Data......Page 257
5.1: Correlation......Page 258
5.2: Linear Regression: Fitting a Line to Bivariate Data......Page 269
5.3: Assessing the Fit of a Line......Page 280
5.4: Nonlinear Relationships and Transformations......Page 299
5.5: Logistic Regression (Optional)......Page 320
5.6: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 329
Activity 5.2: Age and Flexibility......Page 336
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 341
Cumulative Review Exercises......Page 347
6.1: Chance Experiments and Events......Page 353
6.2: Definition of Probability......Page 361
6.3: Basic Properties of Probability......Page 368
6.4: Conditional Probability......Page 376
6.5: Independence......Page 387
6.6: Some General Probability Rules......Page 397
6.7: Estimating Probabilities Empirically Using Simulation......Page 411
Activity 6.2: A Crisis for European Sports Fans?......Page 422
Activity 6.3: The “Hot Hand” in Basketball......Page 423
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 428
Chapter 7: Random Variables and Probability Distributions......Page 433
7.1: Random Variables......Page 434
7.2: Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables......Page 437
7.3: Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables......Page 444
7.4: Mean and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable......Page 449
7.5: Binomial and Geometric Distributions......Page 464
7.6: Normal Distributions......Page 476
7.7: Checking for Normality and Normalizing Transformations......Page 494
7.8: Using the Normal Distribution to Approximate a Discrete Distribution......Page 507
Activity 7.2: Rotten Eggs?......Page 512
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 517
Cumulative Review Exercises......Page 528
Chapter 8: Sampling Variability and Sampling Distributions......Page 533
8.1: Statistics and Sampling Variability......Page 534
8.2: The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Mean......Page 538
8.3: The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion......Page 549
Activity 8.1: Do Students Who Take the SATs Multiple Times Have an Advantage in College Admissions?......Page 555
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 558
Chapter 9: Estimation Using a Single Sample......Page 563
9.1: Point Estimation......Page 564
9.2: Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion......Page 570
9.3: Confidence Interval for a Population Mean......Page 583
9.4: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 597
Activity 9.1: Getting a Feel for Confidence Level......Page 602
Activity 9.3: Verifying Signatures on a Recall Petition......Page 604
Activity 9.4: A Meaningful Paragraph......Page 605
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 608
Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing Using a Single Sample......Page 611
10.1: Hypotheses and Test Procedures......Page 612
10.2: Errors in Hypothesis Testing......Page 616
10.3: Large-Sample Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion......Page 622
10.4: Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean......Page 636
10.5: Power and Probability of Type II Error......Page 647
10.6: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 656
Activity 10.1: Comparing the t and z Distributions......Page 660
Activity 10.2: A Meaningful Paragraph......Page 661
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 664
Cumulative Review Exercises......Page 666
Chapter 11: Comparing Two Populations or Treatments......Page 671
11.1: Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Independent Samples......Page 672
11.2: Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Paired Samples......Page 692
11.3: Large-Sample Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Proportions......Page 705
11.4: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 717
Activity: 11.2: Thinking About Data Collection......Page 721
Activity: 11.3: A Meaningful Paragraph......Page 722
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 729
Chapter 12: The Analysis of Categorical Data and Goodness-of-Fit Tests......Page 733
12.1: Chi-Square Tests for Univariate Data......Page 734
12.2: Tests for Homogeneity and Independence in a Two-way Table......Page 745
12.3: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 761
Activity 12.1: Pick a Number, Any Number .........Page 765
Activity 12.2: Color and Perceived Taste......Page 766
Graphing Calculator Explorations......Page 770
Chapter 13: Simple Linear Regression and Correlation: Inferential Methods......Page 775
13.1: Simple Linear Regression Model......Page 776
13.2: Inferences About the Slope of the Population Regression Line......Page 789
13.3: Checking Model Adequacy......Page 799
13.4: Inferences Based on the Estimated Regression Line (Optional)......Page 810
13.5: Inferences About the Population Correlation Coeffi cient (Optional)......Page 818
13.6: Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses......Page 822
Activity 13.1: Are Tall Women from “Big” Families?......Page 824
Graphing Calculator Exploration......Page 830
Cumulative Review Exercises......Page 831
Chapter 14: Multiple Regression Analysis......Page 835
14.1: Multiple Regression Models......Page 836
14.2: Fitting a Model and Assessing Its Utility......Page 849
Activity 14.1: Exploring the Relationship Between Number of Predictors and Sample Size......Page 865
Chapter 15: Analysis of Variance......Page 867
15.1: Single-Factor ANOVA and the F Test......Page 868
15.2: Multiple Comparisons......Page 881
Activity 15.1: Exploring Single-Factor ANOVA......Page 889
Graphing Calculator Exploration......Page 892
Appendix A: Statistical Tables......Page 893
Table 1:
Random Numbers......Page 894
Table 2:
Standard Normal Probabilities (Cumulative z Curve Areas)......Page 896
Table 3:
t Critical Values......Page 898
Table 4:
Tail Areas for t Curves......Page 899
Table 5:
Curves of b 5 P(Type II Error) for t Tests......Page 902
Table 6:
Values That Capture Specifi ed Upper-Tail F Curve Areas......Page 903
Table 7:
Critical Values of q for the Studentized Range Distribution......Page 907
Table 8:
Upper-Tail Areas for Chi-Square Distributions......Page 908
Table 9:
Binomial Probabilities......Page 910
Appendix B: References......Page 913
Chapter 2......Page 917
Chapter 3......Page 919
Chapter 4......Page 922
Chapter 5......Page 924
Chapter 6......Page 926
Chapter 7......Page 927
Cumulative Review 7......Page 928
Chapter 9......Page 929
Chapter 10......Page 930
Chapter 11......Page 931
Chapter 13......Page 933
Chapter 14......Page 935
Chapter 15......Page 936
INDEX......Page 937
Standard normal
probabilities......Page 948
t critical values......Page 950