This study of solid state is based on the premise that one thing the majority of solids of practical importance have in common is that they are crystalline. The importance of crystallography has long been recognized. This is the first attempt to use the crystallinity of solids as a framework for discussiing their nature and properties. Concentrates on the structure, nature and properties of inorganic crystalline solids, covering virtually all important aspects of solid state.
Author(s): Leonid V. Azaroff
Publisher: McGraw Hill
Year: 1960
Language: English
Pages: 460
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Geometrical crystallography
Periodicity in crystals
Representation of a pattern. Repetition of an object. Translation
periodicity. Representation of a lattice. Notation of planes in a lattice.
Relationships between planes.
Symmetry elements
The operation of rotation. Proper rotation axes. Improper rotation axes.
Screw axes. Glide planes.
Symmetry groups
Point groups. Categories of crystals. Plane groups. Space lattices.
Space groups. Supergroups and subgroups.
Chapter 3. The structure of crystals
Equivalent positions in a unit cell
Plane groups. Space groups.
Determination of crystal structures
Historical background. Elementary diffraction theory. Determination
of unit cell contents. Determination of atomic arrangement.
Spheres in closest packings
What a closest packing is. Classification of closest packings.
Voids in closest packings
Significance of voids. Classification of voids. Coordination of voids.
Body-centered cubic packings
Representation of closest packings
Chapter 4. Atomic packings in crystals
Atomic theory
Early discoveries. Spherical atoms. Atomic radii.
Rules governing the packing of atoms
Effect of radius ratio. Pauling's rules. Application of Pauling's rules to
actual structures. Complex ions.
Variations in atomic packings
General considerations. Polymorphism. Isomorphism. Solid solutions.
Derivative structures.
Chapter 5. Imperfections in atomic packings
Types of imperfections
Discovery of imperfections. Classification of imperfections.
Point defects
Schottky defects. Frenkel defects. Disordered crystals.
Line defects
Dislocation types. Dislocation theory.
Plane defects
Large-angle boundaries. Small-angle boundaries. Stacking faults.
Chapter 6. Mechanical properties of crystals
Classification of properties
Properties of engineering importance. Anisotropy in crystals. Preferred
orientation in polycrystalline aggregates.
Elastic deformation
Single crystals. Polycrystalline aggregates.
Plastic deformation
Slip in single crystals. Mechanism of deformation. Fracture.
Chapter 7. Formation of crystals
Crystal growth
Velocity of growth. Theories of growth. Mechanisms of growth.
Twinning
Growth twins. Deformation twins. Transformation twins.
Growth in the solid state
Recrystallization. Martensite transformation.
Chapter 8. Transformations in crystals
Elements of thermodynamics
Introduction. Free-energy calculation.
Equilibrium transformations
First- and second-order transformations. Order-disorder transitions.
Transformations in complex structures.
Equilibrium diagrams
The phase rule. Solid solutions. Complex diagrams.
Kinetics of transformations
Transformation rates. Homogeneous nucleation. Heterogeneous nuclea
tion. Precipitation from solid solutions.
Chapter 9. The bonding of atoms
Elements of quantum mechanics
Principles of wave mechanics. Schrodingcr's theory. Hydrogen atom.
Pauli exclusion principle. Periodic table.
Atomic bonds
Forces between atoms. Ionic bonds. Covalent bonds. Metallic bonds.
Van der Waals bonds.
Cohesion of crystals
Quantum-mechanical approach. Ionic crystals. Metallic crystals.
Introductory band theory
Chapter 10. Properties of metals
Free-electron theory
Early theories. Quantum theory. Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Zone theory
Quantum-mechanical approach. Allowed-energy zones. Brillouin zones.
k space. Fermi surfaces. Density of states.
Electrical properties
Conductors and nonconductors. Conductivity in pure metals. Conduc
tivity in alloys. Hall effect.
Magnetic properties . .
Diamagnetism. Paramagnetism. Ferromagnetism. Domain structure.
Thermal properties
Specific-heat theories. Thermal conductivity and expansion.
Chapter 11. Structure of metals
The elements
Closest packings. Zone theory. Complex structures.
Simple alloys
Substitutional solid solutions. Order-disorder transformations.
Intermediate phases ...
Electron compounds. Ternary alloy phases. Laves phases. Sigma
phases.
Interstitial phases
Interstitial carbides and nitrides. Interstitial hydrides and borides.
Steels.
Chapter 12. Properties of semiconductors
Band theory
Energy bands. Intrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors.
Conductivity
Electrons and holes. The temperature dependence of conductivity.
Mobility of charge carriers. Lifetime of minority carriers.
Optical properties
Absorption spectrum. Photoconductivity. Photovoltaic effect. Lumi
nescence.
Junction properties
Metal-metal junctions. Metal-semiconductor junctions, p-n junctions.
Transistors.
Chapter 13. Structure of semiconductors
The elements
Diamond structure. Graphite structure. Complex structures.
Intermetallic compounds
General properties. III-V compounds. Silicon carbide.
Wurtzite and halite types. Binary sulfides. Complex sulfidesVan der Waals bonds.
Cohesion of crystals 222
Quantum-mechanical approach. Ionic crystals. Metallic crystals.
Introductory band theory 230
Chapter 10. Properties of metals 236
Free-electron theory 23(>
Early theories. Quantum theory. Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Zone theory 243
Quantum-mechanical approach. Allowed-energy zones. Brillouin zones.
k space. Fermi surfaces. Density of states.
Electrical properties 254
Conductors and nonconductors. Conductivity in pure metals. Conduc
tivity in alloys. Hall effect.
Magnetic properties . . 261
Diamagnetism. Paramagnetism. Ferromagnetism. Domain structure.
Thermal properties 270
Specific-heat theories. Thermal conductivity and expansion.
Chapter 11. Structure of metals 279
The elements 279
Closest packings. Zone theory. Complex structures.
Simple alloys 289
Substitutional solid solutions. Order-disorder transformations.
Intermediate phases ... 294
Electron compounds. Ternary alloy phases. Laves phases. Sigma
phases.
Interstitial phases 301
Interstitial carbides and nitrides. Interstitial hydrides and borides.
Steels.
Chapter 12. Properties of semiconductors 310
Band theory 311
Energy bands. Intrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors.
Conductivity 321
Electrons and holes. The temperature dependence of conductivity.
Mobility of charge carriers. Lifetime of minority carriers.
Optical properties 331
Absorption spectrum. Photoconductivity. Photovoltaic effect. Lumi
nescence.
Junction properties 338
Metal-metal junctions. Metal-semiconductor junctions, p-n junctions.
Transistors.
Chapter 13. Structure of semiconductors 353
The elements 355
Diamond structure. Graphite structure. Complex structures.
Intermetallic compounds 359
General properties. III-V compounds. Silicon carbide.
Wurtzite and halite types. Binary sulfides. Complex sulfides
Oxides
Binary oxides. Complex oxides.
Chapter 14. Properties of insulators
Electrical properties
Dielectric properties. Piezoelectricity. Ferroelectricity. Ionic conduc
tivity. Electric breakdown.
Optical properties
Refraction. Birefringence. Color centers.
Magnetic properties
Exchange interactions. Antiferromagnetism. Ferrimagnetism. Mag
netic resonance.
Chapter 15. Structure of insulators
Halogens and halides
Oxides
Perov8kite type. Borates. Silicates.
Glasses
Silicate glasses. Borate glasses. Other glasses. Physical properties.
Appendix 1. Physical constants
Appendix 2. Conversion units
Appendix 3. Atomic radii
Appendix 4. Space-group symbols
