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Introduction to Satellite Ground Segment Systems Engineering: Principles and Operational Aspects

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The ground segment is the fundamental backbone of every satellite project, yet it is usually not visible to the public or the end user of a satellite service. Also the bulk of existing published space literature tends to focus on the satellite or its subsystems. This book tries to fill this gap and addresses systems engineering concepts applied to the design, development, qualification, and deployment of the ground control segment required to operate a single satellite, a constellation, or even a manned space vehicle.

The domain of ground segment engineering has significantly evolved in recent years, mainly driven by major advances in the IT sector. Hardware virtualisation or the availability of on-demand cloud computing services are typical examples of new technologies that have changed fundamental architectural concepts previously standard in heritage ground segments. Furthermore, the stark increase of cyber attacks - today a major risk to almost all critical IT based infrastructure - has made a cyber threat resilient architecture to become one of the indispensable design requirements for ground segment engineers. The new mega constellations recently put into space deploying up to several hundred of flying objects have put very demanding needs on the ground segment for automated satellite operations. These topics and more are addressed in the book’s chapters, along with a detailed explanation of the most relevant components of a typical ground segment architecture. The basic functional requirements, design features, and the most important ground and space segment interfaces are addressed and explained in detail, supported by a wealth of figures for easier understanding.

This book is kept at an introductory level, allowing newcomers to get familiar with this fairly complex subject matter. It is therefore suitable for graduate students, but can equally serve as a valuable source of information for already experienced space engineers who seek to gain a deeper understanding of the ground segment infrastructure and related systems engineering processes. It can also help project managers to better interact with their systems engineers, satellite developers to define their ground segment interfaces, and satellite operators to improve their flight and ground procedures. It is very well suited for everyone intending to start a career in satellite ground segment systems engineering.

Author(s): Bobby Nejad
Series: Space Technology Library, 41
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 272
City: Cham

Foreword by David H. Atkinson
Foreword by Sonia Toribio
Preface
About this Book
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction
Reference
2 Systems Engineering
2.1 Project Planning
2.1.1 SOW, WBS, and SOC
2.1.2 Schedule and Critical Path
2.1.3 Project Risk
2.2 System Hierarchy
2.3 Life-Cycle Stages
2.4 Life-Cycle Models
2.4.1 Sequential or Waterfall
2.4.2 Incremental Models: Agile, Lean and SAFe®
2.5 Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)
2.6 Quality Assurance
2.6.1 Software Standards
2.6.2 Test Campaign Planning
2.7 Summary
References
3 The Space Segment
3.1 System Design
3.1.1 Propulsion
3.1.2 Attitude Control
3.1.3 Transceiver
3.1.4 Onboard Computer and Data Handling
3.1.5 Power
3.1.6 Thermal Control
3.2 Spacecraft Modes
3.3 The Satellite Life Cycle
3.4 Ground to Space Interface
References
4 The Ground Segment
4.1 Functional Overview
4.1.1 Telemetry, Tracking and Commanding
4.1.2 Flight Dynamics
4.1.3 Mission Control
4.1.4 Mission Planning
4.1.5 Operations Preparation
4.1.6 Monitoring and Control
4.1.7 Simulation
4.1.8 Encryption
4.1.9 Timing Source
4.2 Physical Architecture
4.3 Interface Definition
References
5 The TT&C Network
5.1 Tracking Measurements
5.2 The Mechanical Structure
5.3 The Radio Frequency Subsystem
5.3.1 The Receiving Path
5.3.2 The Transmission Path
5.3.3 High Power Amplifier Design
5.3.4 Monopulse Tracking
5.3.5 The Link Budget
5.3.6 Frequency Compensation
5.4 Remote Sites
5.4.1 Selection and Preparation
5.4.2 Power: No-break and Short-break
5.4.3 Lightning Protection
5.4.4 Site Security
5.5 Interfaces
References
6 The Flight Dynamics Facility
6.1 Architecture
6.2 Orbit Propagation
6.3 Orbit Determination
6.4 Orbit Control
6.5 Propellant Gauging
6.5.1 Book-Keeping Method
6.5.2 PVT Method
6.5.3 Gauging Accuracy
6.6 Onboard-Orbit-Propagator
6.7 Collision Monitoring
6.8 Interfaces
References
7 The Satellite Control Facility
7.1 Architecture
7.2 The Space Link
7.2.1 SLE Services
7.3 Onboard Software Management
7.4 Automated Satellite Control
7.5 Data Stream Concept
7.6 Telemetry Displays
7.7 Time Correlation
7.8 Interfaces
References
8 The Mission Planning Facility
8.1 Architectural Overview
8.2 Planning Concepts
8.3 The Mission Planning Process
8.4 Contact Scheduling
8.5 Interfaces
Reference
9 The Operations Preparation Facility
9.1 Architectural Overview
9.2 Configuration Items
9.3 OPE-VAL Gateway
9.4 Interfaces
Reference
10 The Monitoring and Control Facility
10.1 Architectural Overview
10.2 The Simple Network Management Protocol
10.3 Man Machine Interface
10.4 Event Replay & Archiving
10.5 Virtual Machine Monitoring
10.6 Interfaces
References
11 The Satellite Simulator
11.1 Architectural Overview
11.2 Onboard Processor Emulation
11.3 System Modelling
11.4 Interfaces
References
12 Auxiliary Services
12.1 Centralised User Management
12.2 File Transfer
12.3 Configuration Management System
12.4 Antivirus Protection
12.5 Data Protection
12.6 Centralised Domain Names
12.7 Time Source and Distribution
Reference
13 The Physical Architecture
13.1 Client Server Architecture
13.2 Control Rooms
13.3 Chain Separation Concept
13.4 Server Room Layout
13.5 Rack Layout, False Floor, and Cabling
13.6 Migration Strategies
13.6.1 Prime-Backup Migration
13.6.2 Bypass Migration
References
14 Virtualisation
14.1 Hyper-Converged Infrastructure
14.1.1 CPU and Memory Virtualisation
14.1.2 Network Virtualisation
14.1.3 Storage Virtualisation
14.1.4 Hardware-Software Decoupling
14.1.5 VM Management
14.1.6 Redundancy Concepts
14.2 Containers
14.3 Orchestration: Kubernetes®
References
15 Operations
15.1 Preparation and Definition Phase
15.1.1 Requirements
15.1.2 Mission Analysis
15.2 Procedure Validation and Training
15.3 In-Flight Phase
References
16 Cyber Security
16.1 Attack Vectors
16.1.1 Password Hacking
16.1.2 Back Door Attack
16.1.3 Distributed Denial of Service
16.1.4 Man-in-the-Middle
16.1.5 Root Access
16.1.6 Phishing
16.1.7 Watering Hole
16.1.8 Formjacking
16.1.9 Malware
16.2 The Attack Surface
16.2.1 Interface Protocols
16.2.2 OS Vulnerabilities
16.2.3 Physical Port Access
16.2.4 Network Port Security
16.2.5 Wake-on LAN
16.2.6 Compilers and Interpreters
16.2.7 COTS Software
16.2.8 Remote File Access
16.2.9 File Permissions
16.2.10 User Account Management
16.2.11 Password Policy
16.2.12 System Resource Limitation
16.2.13 Login Banners
16.2.14 System Integrity
16.3 Cyber Security Engineering
16.4 Audit vs. Pentest
16.5 Threat Analysis
16.6 Cryptography
16.7 Concluding Remarks
References
A Coordinate Systems
A.1 Celestial Systems
A.2 Terrestrial Systems
A.3 The Orbital Frame
A.4 The Satellite Body Frame
A.5 The Instrument Frame
References
B Time Systems
References
Acronyms