Introduction to Ocean Circulation and Modeling provide basics for physical oceanography covering ocean properties, ocean circulations and their modeling. First part of the book explains concepts of oceanic circulation, geostrophy, Ekman, Sverdrup dynamics, Stommel and Munk problems, two-layer dynamics, stratification, thermal and salt diffusion, vorticity/instability, and so forth. Second part highlights basic implementation framework for ocean models, discussion of different models, and their unique differences from the common framework with basin-scale modeling, regional modeling, and interdisciplinary modeling at different space and time scales.
Features:
- Covers ocean properties, ocean circulations and their modeling.
- Explains the centrality of a rotating earth and its implications for ocean and atmosphere in a simple manner.
- Provides basic facts of ocean dynamics.
- Illustrative diagrams for clear understanding of key concepts.
- Outlines interdisciplinary and complex models for societal applications.
The book aims at Senior Undergraduate Students, Graduate Students and Researchers in Ocean Science and Engineering, Ocean Technology, Physical Oceanography, Ocean Circulation, Ocean Modeling, Dynamical Oceanography and Earth Science.
Author(s): Avijit Gangopadhyay
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 480
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Author’s Biography
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1: Our Home – The Earth
1.1. The Basics
1.2. The Oceans – An Introduction
1.3. Spatial and Temporal Scales
1.4. Oceans – The Regulator of Temperature
1.5. Carriers of Heat – Cyclones and Currents
1.6. Franklin to Satellites
Chapter 2: Responses and Forces
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Response Variables
2.3. The Forcing Function
2.4. Newton’s Laws
2.5. Rate of Change
2.6. Forces on Fluid
2.6.1. The pressure-gradient forces and Hydrostatic Balance
2.6.2. Viscous Force
2.6.3. The Coriolis Force
2.7. The Conservation Equations
2.7.1. The Conservation of Mass
2.7.2. Conservation of Heat and Salt
2.8. Governing Equations
Chapter 3: Geostrophic Equilibrium
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The Geostrophic Balance
3.3. Dynamic Height and Geostrophic Velocity
3.3.1. Geostrophic Velocity
3.3.2. Specific Volume Anomaly
3.3.3. Velocity Across a Section
3.3.4. Absolute Velocities
3.4. Large-Scale Geostrophic Balance
3.5. Inertial Motion
3.6. Thermal Wind
Chapter 4: Wind-Driven Circulation
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Wind Stress and Eddy Viscosity
4.3. The Ekman Balance
4.4. The Integrated Ekman Transport
4.4.1. Upwelling (Coastal and Equatorial)
4.5. Sverdrup Dynamics
4.6. Vorticity
4.6.1. Relative Vorticity
4.6.2. Planetary Vorticity
4.6.3. Absolute Vorticity
4.6.4. Potential Vorticity
4.7. Stommel’s Solution
4.8. Munk’s Model and Future Directions
Chapter 5: The Abyssal Connection
5.1. The Basics
5.2. The Sinking Regions
5.3. The Conveyor Belt
5.4. Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC)
5.4.1. Atlantic MOC (AMOC)
5.5. A Simple Model for The THC
5.6. Wind-Driven and Thermohaline
Chapter 6: Time–Dependent Circulation
6.1. Time-Dependence and Waves
6.2. The Inertia-Gravity Wave Equations
6.2.1. Surface Gravity Waves
6.2.2. What Exactly Is a Wave?
6.2.3. Examples of Waves in Other Media
6.2.4. Fourier Decomposition
6.2.5. An Example of Fourier Decomposition
6.3. The Dispersion Relationship
6.4. The Dispersion Diagram
6.5. Kelvin Waves
6.6. Rossby Waves
Chapter 7: The Layering of Oceans
7.1. The Idea of Layers
7.2. The 2-Layer Ocean
7.2.1. Buoyancy Frequency
7.2.1.1. Stratification and Vertical Mixing
7.2.1.2. Stratification and Horizontal Mixing
7.2.1.3. Energy Extraction from Stratification
7.2.1.4. Barrier Layer and Inversion Layer
7.3. El Ni˜no and La Ni˜na
7.3.1. A Brief History
7.3.2. The Physical Setup
7.3.3. Two-Layer Model
7.3.4. The Equatorial Jet
7.3.5. Equatorial Kelvin and Rossby Waves
7.4. The Indian Ni˜no (IOD)
7.5. Instability
7.5.1. Barotropic Instability
7.5.2. Baroclinic Instability
7.6. Examples of BT/BC Instabilities
Chapter 8: Introduction to Modeling
8.1. Context of Modeling
8.1.1. What Is a Model?
8.1.2. Purpose of Modeling
8.1.3. What Do We Model?
8.1.4. How Do You Model?
8.2. General Approach to Modeling
8.2.1. Domain and Grid-resolution
8.2.2. Initial condition
8.2.3. Boundary conditions and Forcing
8.2.4. Parameters
8.3. An Early Ocean Model
8.4. Numerical Methods
8.4.1. Finite Difference
8.5. The Basic Equations
8.6. The Model Equations
8.7. The Computer Algorithm
8.8. Conclusion
Chapter 9: Turbulence and Eddies
9.1. Turbulence and Eddy Viscosity
9.1.1. Turbulence
9.1.2. The Closure Problem
9.1.3. A Simple Eddy Viscosity
9.1.4. Kolmogorov Theory
9.1.5. Approaches to Closure Modeling
9.1.6. Relation to Vertical Mixing
9.2. Turbulence and Mixed Layer
9.2.1. PWP Model
Chapter 10: Multiscale Ocean Models
10.1. A Brief Background
10.2. Multiscale Models
10.3. Generalized Vertical Coordinates
10.4. Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS)
10.5. The Princeton Ocean Model (POM)
10.5.1. Vertical Mixing in POM
10.5.1.1. Mellor-Yamada 2.5. Closure Scheme
10.6. Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)
10.6.1. Vertical Mixing in ROMS
10.6.1.1. Philander and Pacanowski – PPMIX
10.6.1.2. K-Profile Parameterization – LMD94
10.6.1.3. Generic Length Scale
10.7. MITGCM
10.8. HYCOM
10.9. MIT – MSEAS
10.10. MOM6
Chapter 11: Simulation and Prediction
11.1. Context of Simulation and Prediction
11.2. Grid and Model Setup
11.3. Model Initialization
11.3.1. Climatology
11.3.2. Observations for Modeling Systems
11.3.2.1. In situ Observations
11.3.2.2. Buoys
11.3.2.3. Global Arrays
11.3.2.4. Regional Arrays
11.3.2.5. ARGO Floats
11.3.2.6. Drifters
11.3.2.7. Survey Data
11.3.2.8. Satellite Observations
11.3.2.9. New Observational Platforms
11.3.3. Forcing Fields and Reanalyses
11.4. Optimal Interpolation
11.4.1. The Correction Method
11.4.2. Kriging
11.4.3. Objective Analysis
11.5. Data Assimilation
11.6. Example Simulations
11.6.1. The North Atlantic Simulation
11.6.2. A Bay of Bengal Simulation
11.6.3. Brazil Current Genesis region
11.7. Prediction
11.8. IOOS
11.9. Applications
11.9.1. Climate Change and Machine Learning
11.9.2. Technology and Society
Chapter 12: Synoptic Ocean Modeling
12.1. The Synoptic Ocean
12.2. FORMS
12.3. FORMS – Western North Atlantic
12.3.1. GSMR – Deeper Regions
12.3.2. Feature Models – Gulf Stream and Rings
12.3.2.1. A Kinematic Synthesis
12.3.3. GOMGB – Coastal FORMS
12.3.3.1. Water-Mass Front FM
12.3.3.2. Shelf-Slope Front (and Upwelling) FM
12.3.3.3. Coastal Eddy and Gyre t/s Feature Models
12.3.4. Initialization with FORMS – WNA
12.3.5. A Forecasting System for WNA
12.4. Process Studies with FORMS
12.4.1. The Strait of Sicily
12.4.2. Brazil Current
12.5. A World of FORMS
Chapter 13: Interdisciplinary Modeling
13.1. Introduction
13.2. The Basics
13.3. The Biogeochemical Cycles
13.4. Vertical Distribution of Dissolved Gases
13.5. Meridional Distribution of Dissolved Gases
13.6. Simple Biogeochemical Modeling
13.7. Biogeochemical Models – Two Examples
13.8. Biogeochemical Processes
13.8.1. Ocean Acidification
13.8.2. Denitrification
13.8.3. Harmful Algal Blooms
13.8.4. Hypoxia
13.9. Modeling Fish – Stocks and Recruits
13.9.1. Stock–Recruitment Relationship
Chapter 14: Modeling of the Climate System
14.1. Atmospheric Modeling
14.2. Temperature and CO2
14.3. Climate System Models
14.4. Scenario Modeling
14.5. Climate Projection, Downscaling, and Governance
Bibliography
Alphabetical Index
