Introduction To Modern Physics

Introduction To Modern Physics Sixth Edition
Constants Rest-Masses Conversion Factors
Half-Title
McGraw-Hill International Series In Pure And Applied Physics
Title-Page
Copyright
Preface vii
Contents
Chapter 1 The Heritage of Modern Physics 1
1.1 Classical vs. Modern Physics
1.2 The Greeks
1.3 Thales of Miletus
1.4 Pythagoras
1.5 Anaxagoras and Empedocles
1.6 Democritus
1.7 Aristotle
1.8 Aristarchus
1.9 Archimedes
1.10 From the Greeks to Copernicus
1.11 The Copernican System
1.12 Galileo Galilei
1.13 Tycho Brahe and Kepler
1.14 The Experimental Method Spreads
1.15 Sir Isaac Newton
1.16 Newton's Contemporaries
1.17 Mechanics during the Eighteenth Century
1.18 Heat during the Eighteenth Century
1.19 Light during the Eighteenth Century
1.20 Electricity during the Eighteenth Century
1.21 Close of the Second Period
1.22 The Nineteenth Century in Physics
1.23 Heat and Energy
1.24 Light
1.25 Electricity and Magnetism
1.26 Michael Faraday
1.27 Joseph Henry
1.28 James Clerk Maxwell
1.29 Clouds over Classical Physics
Chapter 2 Introduction to Relativity 45
2.1 Galilean-Newtonian Relativity
2.2 Galilean Relativity and Electricity
2.3 Relativity and the Propagation of Light
2.4 The Michelson-Morley Experiment
2.5 The New Relativity of Einstein
2.6 Simultaneity and Time Order
2.7 The Lorentz Transformation
2.8 Space Contraction and Time Dilation
2.9 Velocity Transformations
2.10 The Variation of Mass
2.11 Force and Kinetic Energy
2.12 Mass and Energy
2.13 Mass and Potential Energy
Problems
Chapter 3 Relativity and Four-vectors 73
3.1 The Interval between Events
3.2 Four-vectors
3.3 Proper Time and the Four-momentum
3.4 Relativistic Mechanics
3.5 Relativity and Electromagnetism
3.6 Maxwell's Equations and the Four-potential
3.7 The Field Tensor
3.8 General Theory of Relativity
Problems
Chapter 4 Atoms and Molecules 97
4.1 Chemical Evidence for Atoms
4.2 The Ideal Gas
4.3 Degrees of Freedom and the Equiparlition of Energy
4.4 The Maxwellian Distribution
4.5 The Boltzmann Distribution
4.6 Phase Space and the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
4.7 The Sizes of Atoms
Appendix 4A Integrals Arising in the Kinetic Theory
Problems
Chapter 5 The Origin of the Quantum Theory 117
5.1 Thermal Radiation
5.2 Early Radiation Laws
5.3 Degrees of Freedom in an Enclosure
5.4 The Rayleigh-Jeans Radiation Law
5.5 Planck's Investigation of Blackbody Radiation
5.6 Distribution of Energy among Oscillators in Thermal Equilibrium
5.7 Planck's Quantum Hypothesis
5.8 Planck's Radiation Law
Appendix 5A Classical Radiation Theory
5A.1 Pressure and Energy Flux Due to Isotropic Radiation
5A.2 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
5A.3 Reflection from a Moving Mirror
5 A.4 Effect of an Adiabatic Expansion upon Blackbody Radiation
5A.5 The Wien Displacement Law
Problems
Chapter 6 Electrons and the Photoelectric Effect 149
6.1 Electricity in Matter
6.2 Discovery of Photoelectricity
6.3 The Zeeman Effect
6.4 Cathode Rays and the Electron
6.5 The Electronic Charge
6.6 Photoelectrons
6.7 What Is the Photoelectric Mechanism?
6.8 Properties of Photoelectric Emission
6.9 Thermionic Emission
Problems
Chapter 7 X-rays 171
7.1 The Discovery of X-rays
7.2 Production and Detection of X-rays
7.3 Wavelengths of X-rays
7.4 Bragg's Law
7.5 The X-ray Spectrometer
7.6 Monochromatic Characteristic Radiation
7.7 Moseley's Law
7.8 The Continuous X-ray Spectrum
7.9 X-ray Scattering, Classical
7.10 Compton Scattering
7.11 Compton Recoil Electrons
7.12 The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
Problems
Chapter 8 Radioactivity and the Nuclear Atom 203
8.1 Earliest Developments
8.2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
8.3 Early Views on Atomic Structure
8.4 The Scattering of Alpha Particles by Atoms
8.5 The Nuclear Atom
8.6 Radioactive Transformations
Appendix 8A The Rutherford Scattering Law
Problems
Chapter 9 Spectral Lines and the Bohr Model 227
9.1 The Balmer Series
9.2 Spectral Series and Their Interrelations
9.3 Spectral Terms
9.4 The Bohr Theory
9.5 The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen
9.6 Ionized Helium
9.7 Moseley's Law
9.8 The Bohr Magneton
9.9 Electron Spin
9.10 The Bohr Correspondence Principle
9.11 Extension of Bohr's Theory
Problems
Chapter 10 Particles and Interactions 251
10.1 Alpha and Gamma Spectra of Radioelements
10.2 Beta Rays and the Antineutrino
10.3 Masses of Atoms
10.4 Isotopes of Stable Elements
10.5 The Nucleons
10.6 The Positron
10.7 Muons and Pions
10.8 Particles and Antiparticles
10.9 The Conservation Laws
10.10 Interactions between Particles
10.11 Preternatural Atoms
Problems
Chapter 11 Wave Properties of Particles 277
11.1 Matter Waves
11.2 Mechanics as Geometrical Optics of the Waves
11.3 Phase and Group Velocity
11.4 The de Broglie Wavelength
11.5 Experiments on Electron Waves
11.6 Diffraction of Neutrons and Molecules
11.7 Electrons and the Wave Function
11.8 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
11.9 The Schrddinger Wave Equation
Problems
Chapter 12 Wave Mechanics I—Free States 307
12.1 Electron Beam in a Field-free Space
12.2 The Step Barrier
12.3 Barrier Penetration
12.4 The “Square" Well Free States
12.5 Wave Packets and the Momentum Representation
12.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
12.7 Probability Stream Density
Problems
Chapter 13 Wave Mechanics II—Bound States 327
13.1 Stationary or Quantum States
13.2 General Solutions for the Square Welt
13.3 The Infinite Square Well
13.4 The Finite Square Well
13.5 Expectation Values
13.6 Differential Operators
13.7 The Rectangular Box
13.8 The Harmonic Oscillator
13.9 Properties of Eigenfunctions
13.10 Transitions between States
13.11 Perturbation Theory
13.12 Emission and Absorption of Radiation
Appendix
Appendix 13A The Harmonic Oscillator
Appendix 13B Proof of the Orthogonality Relation
Problems
Chapter 14 Wave Mechanics III—The Hydrogen Atom 357
14.1 The Schrodinger Equation for a One-electron Atom
14.2 Separation of Variables
14.3 The Wave Functions and Energy Levels
14.4 Probability Density and Charge-cloud Density
14.5 Orbital Angular Momentum
14.6 Retativistic Effects and Electron Spin
14.7 The Spin-Orbit Interaction
14.8 The Quantum Number j
14.9 Spatial Degeneracy of the Wave Function
Appendix
Appendix 14A Solutions of the Radial Equation
Problems
Chapter 15 Atomic Structure 381
15.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
15.2 Shells and Subshells
15.3 The Periodic Table
15.4 The First Two Periods
15.5 Remainder of the Periodic Table
15.6 Penetrating Orbits
15.7 Low-lying Energy States
15.8 X-ray Energy Levels
15.9 Photoelectrons Ejected by X-rays
Appendix 15A Wave Mechanics for Two Identical Particles with Spin One-half
15 A.1 Interacting Particles
15A.2 Electron Spin. The Exclusion Principle
Problems
Chapter 16 X-ray Spectra 411
16.1 Low-lying Energy Levels
16.2 Characteristic X-ray Lines
16.3 Electron Excitation of X-ray Levels
16.4 X-ray Doublets and Screening Constants
16.5 The Fluorescence Yield and the Auger Effect
16.6 Multiple Ionization of Inner Shells
16.7 X-ray Spectra and the Outer Part of the Atom
16.8 Refraction and Reflection of X-rays
Problems
Chapter 17 Atomic Spectra 431
17.1 Angular Momentum and the Selection Rules
17.2 Alkali-type Spectra
17.3 Fine Structure in Alkali Spectra
17.4 The Spectrum of Helium
17.5 Many-electron Wave Theory
17.6 LS or Russell-Saunders Coupling
17.7 LS Multiplets of Levels
17.8 Spacing of the LS Multiplet Levels
17.9 The Arc Spectrum of Mercury
17.10 Equivalent Electrons
17.11 Coupling of the jj Type
17.12 The Rreadth of Spectral Lines
Problems
Chapter 18 Atoms in a Magnetic Field 463
18.1 Effects of a Magnetic Field on an Atom
18.2 The Normal Zeeman Effect
18.3 Electron Spin and the Lande g Factor
18.4 Zeeman Patterns of LS Multiplets in a Weak Field
18.5 The Paschen-Rack Effect
18.6 Zeeman Effect in a Huge Field
18.7 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
18.8 Isotope Structure and Hyperfine Structure
18.9 The Stark Effect
Problems
Chapter 19 Molecules and Molecular Spectra 489
19.1 Interatomic Forces
19.2 The Ionic Rond
19.3 The Hydrogen Molecule Ion
19.4 The Hydrogen Molecule and the Covalent Rond
19.5 Binding between Square Wells
19.6 Molecular Spectra
19.7 Rotation Spectra
19.8 Vibration-rotation Spectra
19.9 Molecular Quantum Stales
19.10 Electronic Rands
19.11 The Raman Effect
19.12 The Ammonia Inversion Spectrum
Problems
Chapter 20 Introduction to Quantum Statistics 529
20.1 Statistics of Distinguishable Objects
20.2 Indistinguishable and Exclusive Particles
20.3 The Bose-Einslein Distribution
20.4 The Fermi- Dirac Distribution Law
20.5 Comparison of the Distribution Laws
20.6 The Specific Heats of Gases
20.7 Specific Heats of Solids
20.8 The Photon Gas
20.9 Homonuclear Molecules
Problems
Chapter 21 Solids—Insulators and Metals 559
21.1 Crystals
21.2 Binding in Solids
21.3 The Ionic Crystal
21.4 Covalent Binding
21.5 Metallic Binding
21.6 Metals and Insulators
21.7 Metallic Conduction
21.8 The Sommerfield Free-electron Model
21.9 Thermionic Emission
21.10 Metals in Contact
Problems
Chapter 22 The Band Model for Metals 587
22.1 The Hall Effect
22.2 Electrons in a Periodic Lattice
22.3 Effective Mass
22.4 Brillouin Zones
22.5 The Fermi Surface
22.6 Density of States
22.7 Filled Bands and Holes
22.8 Transition Metals
Problems
Chapter 23 Semiconductors 609
23.1 Semiconducting Materials
23.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors
23.3 Conductivity
23.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors
23.5 The Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductors
23.6 The p-n Junction
23.7 The p-n Rectifier
23.8 The Photovoltaic Effect
23.9 The Tunnel (or Esaki) Diode
23.10 Metal- Semiconductor Junctions
23.11 Thermoelectricity
23.12 The Transistor
Problems
Chapter 24 Interactions of High-energy Particles with Matter 635
24.1 Attenuation of a Photon Beam
24.2 Attenuation Processes
24.3 Absorption vs. Attenuation
24.4 Energy Loss of Charged Particles
24.5 The Stopping of Electrons
24.6 Cerenkov Radiation
24.7 Detection of Charged Particles
Problems
Chapter 25 The Nucleus 661
25.1 Discovery of Artificial Transmutation
25.2 Discovery of the Neutron
25.3 Properties of Nuclei
25.4 Constituents of Nuclei
25.5 Masses and Binding Energies
25.6 Nuclear Forces
25.7 Induced Radioactivity
25.8 Nuclear Transformations with Artificially Accelerated Particles
25.9 Accelerators
25.10 General Features of Nuclear Reactions
25.11 Masses of Mirror Nuclides
25.12 Particle Groups
25.13 Nuclear Resonances
25.14 Liquid-drop Model
25.15 Neutron Reactions
25.16 Energy Levels of Nuclei
25.17 The Shell Model
25.18 The Collective Model
25.19 Discovery of Fission
25.20 Theory of Fission
25.21 Prompt Neutrons—Chain Reactions
25.22 Fusion
Problems
Appendix—Electronic Structure of Atoms 753
Index 755
Particles
Periodic Table
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