This book is intended for a first course on microprocessor-based systems design for engineering and computer science students. It starts with an introduction of the fundamental concepts, followed by a practical path that guides readers to developing a basic microprocessor example, using a step-by-step problem-solving approach. Then, a second microprocessor is presented, and readers are guided to the implementation and programming of microcomputer systems based on it. The numerous worked examples and solved exercises allow a better understanding and a more effective learning. All the examples and exercises were developed on Deeds (Digital Electronics Education and Design Suite), which is freely available online on a website developed and maintained by the authors. The discussed examples can be simulated by using Deeds and the solutions to all exercises and examples can be found on that website. Further, in the last part of this book, different microprocessor-based systems, which have been specifically thought for educational purposes, are extensively developed, simulated and implemented on FPGA-based platforms. This textbook draws on the authors’ extensive experience in teaching and developing learning materials for bachelor’s and master’s engineering courses. It can be used for self-study as well, and even independently from the simulator. Thanks to the learning-by-doing approach and the plentiful examples, no prior knowledge in computer programming is required.
Author(s): Giuliano Donzellini, Andrea Mattia Garavagno, Luca Oneto
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 640
City: Cham
Foreword of Prof. Donatella Sciuto
Preface of the Authors
Digital Contents of the Book
Contents
1 Introduction to programmable computing networks
1.1 A general introduction to microprocessors
1.1.1 A brief history of microprocessors
1.1.2 Types of microcomputers
1.1.3 Microcomputers and systems
1.1.4 The basic structure of a generic computer
1.1.5 The common bus connection
1.2 Design of a programmable computing network
1.2.1 The design specification: a dedicated computing network
1.2.2 Counter and ROM memory based sequencer
1.2.3 Extending computing possibilities
1.2.4 ALU-based computing networks
1.2.5 The "instructions"
1.2.6 "Program", "programming" and other important terms
1.3 Sequencing, microinstructions and microprograms
1.3.1 A more compact sequencer
1.3.2 The microprogrammed sequencer
1.3.3 The microprogrammed sequencer and the computing network
1.3.4 How it works
1.3.5 Executing a sequence of instructions
1.3.6 Executing the first instruction during start up
1.3.7 The "instruction pipeline"
1.3.8 Defining microprograms
1.3.9 Rewriting the program of the average of four operands
1.4 Jumps, loops and decisions
1.4.1 Loops and jump instructions
1.4.2 Decisions and conditional jump instructions
1.4.3 The FLAG register
1.4.4 Controlling jump conditions
1.4.5 Example: How to use conditional jumps
1.5 Input and output ports
1.5.1 Input ports
1.5.2 Output ports
1.5.3 How to use ports
1.6 Constants, variables and read/write memory
1.6.1 Constants
1.6.2 Immediate addressing instructions
1.6.3 Variables
1.6.4 Read/write memory (RAM)
1.6.5 RAM read/write instructions
1.6.6 The RAM and the processor
1.6.7 Instructions with direct addressing
1.6.8 Use of the Mp8E network: examples
1.6.9 Final considerations on the processor developed here
1.7 Exercises
1.7.1 Dedicated computing networks
1.7.2 Programmable computing networks
1.7.3 Microprogramming new instructions
1.8 Solutions
1.8.1 Dedicated computing networks
1.8.2 Programmable computing networks
1.8.3 Microprogramming new instructions
2 A system based on the DMC8 microprocessor
2.1 The DMC8 microprocessor
2.1.1 The internal architecture of the DMC8 processor
2.1.2 Memory system structure
2.1.3 Bus parts and RAM and ROM memory management
2.1.4 Input/output ports
2.1.5 DMC8 connection lines
2.1.6 DMC8 processor programming model
2.1.7 The internal elements of DMC8 processor architecture
2.1.8 The sequencer and instruction execution
2.1.9 An initial example of programming
2.1.10 An example of instruction execution
2.2 Bus signals and timing
2.2.1 The clock, synchronization and initialization of the system
2.2.2 The physical behavior of the bus
2.2.3 Clock cycles, machine cycles and instruction cycles
2.2.4 The fetch cycle
2.2.5 Read/write memory access cycles
2.2.6 Input/output access cycles
2.2.7 Inactive cycles
2.3 Input/output and memory subsystems
2.3.1 Memory subsystems
2.3.2 The Input/Output subsystem
2.4 Introduction to Deeds-McE
2.4.1 The microcomputer components of the Deeds-DcS
2.4.2 Developing a program
2.4.3 Configuring the microcomputer component
2.5 Exercises
2.5.1 Memory systems
2.5.2 Parallel input/output ports
2.6 Solutions
2.6.1 Memory systems
2.6.2 Parallel input/output ports
3 Programming the DMC8
3.1 Introduction to assembly language programming
3.1.1 Programming languages
3.1.2 DMC8 assembly language
3.1.3 Constants and variables
3.1.4 The EQU directive
3.1.5 The ORG directive
3.1.6 The DB and DW directives
3.2 Addressing modes
3.2.1 IMMEDIATE addressing mode (8-bit data)
3.2.2 EXTENDED IMMEDIATE addressing mode (16-bit data)
3.2.3 DIRECT addressing mode
3.2.4 REGISTER INDIRECT addressing mode
3.2.5 INDEXED INDIRECT addressing mode
3.2.6 REGISTER addressing mode
3.2.7 IMPLIED addressing mode
3.2.8 BIT addressing mode
3.2.9 MODIFIED addressing mode
3.3 Types of instructions
3.3.1 Data transfer instructions
3.3.2 Arithmetic and logic instructions
3.3.3 Rotate and shift instructions
3.3.4 Bit manipulation instructions
3.3.5 Jump instructions
3.3.6 CPU control instructions
3.3.7 Input/output instructions
3.3.8 Subprogram call and return instructions
3.4 Subprograms and the Stack area
3.4.1 The Stack and the Stack Pointer
3.4.2 Subprograms and call and return instructions
3.5 Programming examples
3.5.1 Emulation of combinational logic
3.5.2 Calculating a polynomial
3.5.3 Timers
3.5.4 Finite state machines
3.6 Exercises
3.6.1 Emulation of digital components
3.6.2 Arithmetic functions
3.6.3 Reusable modules and functions
3.7 Solutions
3.7.1 Emulation of digital components
3.7.2 Arithmetic functions
3.7.3 Reusable modules and functions
4 Interfacing with external devices
4.1 Managing communication with external devices
4.1.1 The unidirectional handshake
4.1.2 The bidirectional handshake
4.1.3 More complex handshake types
4.2 Hardware-supported handshake
4.2.1 Example of a parallel interface with hardware handshake
4.3 Polling
4.4 Interrupt techniques
4.4.1 Enabling and disabling interrupts
4.4.2 Interrupt mechanisms in detail
4.4.3 Example of an interface with an interrupt request
4.5 Using vectored interrupts
4.5.1 Considerations on recognition and priority
4.5.2 Extending to a higher number of devices
4.5.3 Example of handling vectored interrupts
4.6 Interrupt timers
4.6.1 A specialized timer
4.6.2 Example of a timer interrupt: blinking lights
4.6.3 Timers and concurrent program execution
4.7 Examples of programming and interfacing
4.7.1 Pulse generator (at system reset)
4.7.2 Finite State Machines
4.7.3 Sinusoidal waveform generator
4.7.4 Dual sinusoidal waveform generator
4.7.5 Object counters
4.7.6 Sensor evaluation in parallel
4.7.7 Push-button interface for a video game
4.7.8 Asynchronous serial communication
4.8 Exercises
4.8.1 Interrupt techniques
4.9 Solutions
4.9.1 Interrupt techniques
5 Microprocessor systems on FPGA
5.1 Introduction to FPGAs
5.1.1 Creation of prototypes with FPGA
5.1.2 Some examples of FPGA boards
5.2 The architecture of FPGA components
5.2.1 Logic blocks
5.2.2 JTAG programming
5.2.3 Devices for programming FPGAs
5.3 FPGA development tools
5.4 The FPGA boards used in the examples
5.4.1 The DE2 board
5.4.2 The DE0-CV board
5.4.3 The EP2C5 board
5.5 Microprocessor system prototypes on FPGA
5.5.1 The steps to take
5.5.2 A system to implement on FPGA: An example
5.5.3 Implementing the network on an FPGA board
5.5.4 Settings for the DE2 board
5.5.5 Settings for the DE0-CV board
5.5.6 Settings for the EP2C5 board
5.5.7 Converting the Deeds project into VHDL
5.5.8 Programming the FPGA board
5.6 Project examples
5.6.1 Light dimmer
5.6.2 LED gadget
5.6.3 Special sound effects
5.6.4 Music box
5.6.5 Stepper motor control
5.6.6 Using a liquid crystal display (LCD)
5.6.7 LCD stopwatch
A Memories and busses
A.1 ROM memory
A.1.1 A bit of history
A.1.2 Operating principle
A.1.3 Internal architecture
A.2 RAM memory
A.2.1 Operating principle
A.2.2 Internal architecture
A.3 Bidirectional bus connections
A.3.1 Tri-state buffers
A.3.2 Tri-state buffers and busses
A.3.3 Tri-state memories
B Programmable computing networks: Schematics and tables
B.1 The Mp8A computing network
B.1.1 Table of instructions
B.1.2 The schematic of the Mp8A computing network
B.2 The Mp8B computing network
B.2.1 Table of instructions and the correlated microprograms
B.2.2 The schematic of the Mp8B computing network
B.3 The Mp8C computing network
B.3.1 Table of instructions and the correlated microprograms
B.3.2 The schematic of the Mp8C computing network
B.4 The Mp8D computing network
B.4.1 Table of instructions and the correlated microprograms
B.4.2 The schematic of the Mp8D computing network
B.5 The Mp8E computing network
B.5.1 Table of instructions and the correlated microprograms
B.5.2 The schematic of the Mp8E computing network
C DMC8 instruction set tables
C.1 Data transfer instructions (8-bit)
C.2 Data transfer instructions (16-bit)
C.3 Arithmetic and logic instructions (8-bit)
C.4 Arithmetic instructions (16-bit)
C.5 Rotate and shift instructions
C.6 Bit manipulation instructions
C.7 Jump instructions
C.8 Subprogram call and return instructions
C.9 Input/output instructions
C.10 CPU control instructions
