Introduction to Magnetic Materials, 2nd Edition covers the basics of magnetic quantities, magnetic devices, and materials used in practice. While retaining much of the original, this revision now covers SQUID and alternating gradient magnetometers, magnetic force microscope, Kerr effect, amorphous alloys, rare-earth magnets, SI Units alongside cgs units, and other up-to-date topics. In addition, the authors have added an entirely new chapter on information materials. The text presents materials at the practical rather than theoretical level, allowing for a physical, quantitative, measurement-based understanding of magnetism among readers, be they professional engineers or graduate-level students.
Author(s): B. D. Cullity, C. D. Graham
Edition: 2
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 568
Tags: Физика;Электродинамика / Электричество и магнетизм;
INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC MATERIALS......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 16
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2.1 Magnetic Poles......Page 23
1.3 Magnetic Moment......Page 26
1.4 Intensity of Magnetization......Page 27
1.5 Magnetic Dipoles......Page 28
1.6 Magnetic Effects of Currents......Page 29
1.7 Magnetic Materials......Page 31
1.8 SI Units......Page 37
1.9 Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis Loops......Page 39
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2.1 Normal Solenoids......Page 45
2.2.2 High Field Solenoids......Page 49
2.2.3 Superconducting Solenoids......Page 52
2.3 Field Production by Electromagnets......Page 54
2.4 Field Production by Permanent Magnets......Page 57
2.5.1 Hall Effect......Page 59
2.5.2 Electronic Integrator or Fluxmeter......Page 60
2.5.3 Other Methods......Page 62
2.6 Magnetic Measurements in Closed Circuits......Page 65
2.7 Demagnetizing Fields......Page 69
2.8 Magnetic Shielding......Page 72
2.9 Demagnetizing Factors......Page 73
2.10 Magnetic Measurements in Open Circuits......Page 83
2.11.1 Extraction Method......Page 87
2.11.2 Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer......Page 88
2.11.4 Image Effect......Page 91
2.12 Magnetic Circuits and Permeameters......Page 94
2.12.1 Permeameter......Page 98
2.12.2 Permanent Magnet Materials......Page 100
2.13 Susceptibility Measurements......Page 101
Problems......Page 106
3.2 Magnetic Moments of Electrons......Page 108
3.3 Magnetic Moments of Atoms......Page 110
3.5 Diamagnetic Substances......Page 111
3.6 Classical Theory of Paramagnetism......Page 112
3.7 Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism......Page 120
3.7.1 Gyromagnetic Effect......Page 123
3.7.2 Magnetic Resonance......Page 124
3.8.3 Rare-Earth Elements......Page 131
3.8.5 General......Page 132
Problems......Page 134
4.1 Introduction......Page 136
4.2 Molecular Field Theory......Page 138
4.3 Exchange Forces......Page 150
4.4 Band Theory......Page 154
4.5 Ferromagnetic Alloys......Page 162
4.6 Thermal Effects......Page 166
4.7 Theories of Ferromagnetism......Page 167
4.8 Magnetic Analysis......Page 168
Problems......Page 170
5.1 Introduction......Page 172
5.2.1 Above T(N)......Page 175
5.2.2 Below T(N)......Page 177
5.2.3 Comparison with Experiment......Page 182
5.3 Neutron Diffraction......Page 184
5.4 Rare Earths......Page 192
5.5 Antiferromagnetic Alloys......Page 193
Problems......Page 194
6.1 Introduction......Page 196
6.2 Structure of Cubic Ferrites......Page 199
6.3 Saturation Magnetization......Page 201
6.4 Molecular Field Theory......Page 204
6.4.1 Above T(c)......Page 205
6.4.2 Below T(c)......Page 207
6.4.3 General Conclusions......Page 210
6.5 Hexagonal Ferrites......Page 211
6.6.1 γ-Fe(2)O(3)......Page 213
6.6.3 Alloys......Page 214
6.7 Summary: Kinds of Magnetism......Page 215
Problems......Page 216
7.1 Introduction......Page 218
7.2 Anisotropy in Cubic Crystals......Page 219
7.3 Anisotropy in Hexagonal Crystals......Page 223
7.4 Physical Origin of Crystal Anisotropy......Page 225
7.5 Anisotropy Measurement......Page 226
7.5.1 Torque Curves......Page 227
7.5.2 Torque Magnetometers......Page 233
7.5.3 Calibration......Page 236
7.5.4 Torsion-Pendulum Method......Page 238
7.6.1 Fitted Magnetization Curve......Page 239
7.6.2 Area Method......Page 243
7.6.3 Anisotropy Field......Page 247
7.7 Anisotropy Constants......Page 248
7.8 Polycrystalline Materials......Page 250
7.9 Anisotropy in Antiferromagnetics......Page 253
7.10 Shape Anisotropy......Page 255
7.11 Mixed Anisotropies......Page 258
Problems......Page 259
8.1 Introduction......Page 262
8.2 Magnetostriction of Single Crystals......Page 264
8.2.1 Cubic Crystals......Page 266
8.2.2 Hexagonal Crystals......Page 272
8.3 Magnetostriction of Polycrystals......Page 275
8.4 Physical Origin of Magnetostriction......Page 278
8.5 Effect of Stress on Magnetic Properties......Page 279
8.6 Effect of Stress on Magnetostriction......Page 287
8.7 Applications of Magnetostriction......Page 289
8.8 ΔE Effect......Page 291
8.9 Magnetoresistance......Page 292
Problems......Page 293
9.1 Introduction......Page 296
9.2 Domain Wall Structure......Page 297
9.2.1 Néel Walls......Page 304
9.3.1 Bitter Method......Page 305
9.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 308
9.3.3 Optical Effects......Page 309
9.3.4 Scanning Probe; Magnetic Force Microscope......Page 311
9.4.1 Uniaxial Crystals......Page 313
9.4.2 Cubic Crystals......Page 316
9.5 Single-Domain Particles......Page 321
9.6 Micromagnetics......Page 322
9.7 Domain Wall Motion......Page 323
9.8 Hindrances to Wall Motion (Inclusions)......Page 326
9.9 Residual Stress......Page 329
9.11 Hindrances to Wall Motion (General)......Page 333
9.12.1 Prolate Spheroid (Cigar)......Page 335
9.12.2 Planetary (Oblate) Spheroid......Page 341
9.13 Magnetization in Low Fields......Page 342
9.14 Magnetization in High Fields......Page 346
9.15 Shapes of Hysteresis Loops......Page 347
9.16 Effect of Plastic Deformation (Cold Work)......Page 350
Problems......Page 353
10.1 Introduction......Page 356
10.2 Magnetic Annealing (Substitutional Solid Solutions)......Page 357
10.3 Magnetic Annealing (Interstitial Solid Solutions)......Page 366
10.4 Stress Annealing......Page 369
10.5 Plastic Deformation (Alloys)......Page 370
10.6 Plastic Deformation (Pure Metals)......Page 373
10.7 Magnetic Irradiation......Page 375
10.8 Summary of Anisotropies......Page 378
11.1 Introduction......Page 380
11.3 Coercivity of Fine Particles......Page 381
11.4.1 Fanning......Page 385
11.4.2 Curling......Page 389
11.5 Magnetization Reversal by Wall Motion......Page 394
11.6 Superparamagnetism in Fine Particles......Page 404
11.7 Superparamagnetism in Alloys......Page 411
11.8 Exchange Anisotropy......Page 415
11.9 Preparation and Structure of Thin Films......Page 418
11.10 Induced Anisotropy in Films......Page 420
11.11 Domain Walls in Films......Page 421
11.12 Domains in Films......Page 426
Problems......Page 429
12.2 Eddy Currents......Page 430
12.3 Domain Wall Velocity......Page 433
12.3.1 Eddy-Current Damping......Page 436
12.4 Switching in Thin Films......Page 439
12.5 Time Effects......Page 442
12.5.1 Time Decrease of Permeability......Page 443
12.5.2 Magnetic After-Effect......Page 445
12.5.3 Thermal Fluctuation After-Effect......Page 447
12.6 Magnetic Damping......Page 449
12.7.1 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance......Page 454
12.7.2 Ferromagnetic Resonance......Page 456
12.7.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 457
Problems......Page 459
13.1 Introduction......Page 460
13.2 Eddy Currents......Page 461
13.3.1 Transformers......Page 466
13.3.2 Motors and Generators......Page 471
13.4 Electrical Steel......Page 473
13.4.1 Low-Carbon Steel......Page 474
13.4.2 Nonoriented Silicon Steel......Page 475
13.4.3 Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel......Page 477
13.4.4 Six Percent Silicon Steel......Page 481
13.4.5 General......Page 482
13.5 Special Alloys......Page 484
13.5.2 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys......Page 487
13.5.4 Uses of Soft Magnetic Materials......Page 488
13.6 Soft Ferrites......Page 492
Problems......Page 497
14.1 Introduction......Page 498
14.2 Operation of Permanent Magnets......Page 499
14.3 Magnet Steels......Page 505
14.4 Alnico......Page 506
14.5 Barium and Strontium Ferrite......Page 508
14.6.1 SmCo(5)......Page 510
14.6.2 Sm(2)Co(17)......Page 511
14.6.3 FeNdB......Page 512
14.9 Ductile Permanent Magnets......Page 513
14.10 Artificial Single Domain Particle Magnets (Lodex)......Page 514
14.11 Bonded Magnets......Page 515
14.12.1 External Fields......Page 516
14.12.2 Temperature Changes......Page 517
14.13 Summary of Magnetically Hard Materials......Page 518
14.14.1 Electrical-to-Mechanical......Page 519
14.14.5 Force Applications......Page 522
14.14.6 Magnetic Levitation......Page 524
Problems......Page 525
15.2.1 Analog Audio and Video Recording......Page 526
15.3 Principles of Magnetic Recording......Page 527
15.3.2 AC Bias......Page 528
15.3.3 Video Recording......Page 529
15.4.1 Magnetoresistive Read Heads......Page 530
15.4.3 Digital Recording Media......Page 532
15.5 Perpendicular Recording......Page 533
15.7 Magneto-Optic Recording......Page 534
15.8.1 Brief History......Page 535
15.8.3 Future Possibilities......Page 536
16.1 Introduction......Page 538
16.2 Type I Superconductors......Page 540
16.3 Type II Superconductors......Page 541
16.4 Susceptibility Measurements......Page 544
16.5 Demagnetizing Effects......Page 546
APPENDIX 1: DIPOLE FIELDS AND ENERGIES......Page 548
APPENDIX 2: DATA ON FERROMAGNETIC ELEMENTS......Page 552
APPENDIX 3: CONVERSION OF UNITS......Page 554
APPENDIX 4: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS......Page 556
INDEX......Page 558
