This book discusses arthrology in general and of the upper and lower limbs specifically. It covers the examination of each joint of both limbs, considering their basic anatomy and physiology. It presents the various tests required for examining the joints and articulations and the systematic approaches that should be followed in cases of diagnosis of diseases and injuries related to them as well as in specific cases of disease and injuries. The book also defines special tests required in varied situations and mentions precautions that should be taken while examining patients of specific ages or work groups. To simplify the explanation and promote education, original photographs either documented during clinical examination of the foot and ankle or taken using models are used in this book. These photographs are from accomplished orthopedic surgeons and have not been documented anywhere before. In addition, some chapters showcase line diagrams, sketched to illustratively discuss the information being presented. The book will help readers understand the importance of this expanding sub-specialty in orthopedics and will be useful for orthopedic surgeons taking exams in different universities of the world as well as sub-speciality exams of each joint.
Author(s): K. Mohan Iyer
Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 510
City: Singapore
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Section I
Introduction to General Arthrology
I.1: Classification Based on Structure
I.2: Classification Based on Function
I.3: Types of Joints/Articulations
I.4: Basic Structure and General Anatomy of Joints
I.5: Development of Limb Buds
I.6: Upper Limb
I.6.1: Physical Examination
I.6.2: Paralysis of the Upper Limb
I.6.3: Arterial Blood Supply to the Upper Limb
I.6.4: Venous Drainage of the Upper Limb
I.6.5: Lymphatics
I.6.6: Muscles of the Scapular Region
I.6.6.1: Deltoid
I.6.6.2: Teres major
I.6.6.3: Triceps brachii
I.6.6.4: Supraspinatus
I.6.6.5: Infraspinatus
I.6.6.6: Teres minor
I.6.6.7: Subscapularis
I.6.7: Nerves of the Scapular Region
I.6.8: Arteries of the Scapular Region
I.6.9: Topographic Anatomy of the Scapular Region
I.6.10: The Human Breast
I.6.10.1: Introduction
I.6.10.2: Anatomy of human breast
I.6.10.3: Vessels and nerves
I.6.11: Muscles of the Upper Limbs
I.6.11.1: Anterior compartment
I.6.11.2: Posterior compartment
I.6.11.3: Forearm
I.6.12: Nerves of the Upper Limbs
I.6.12.1: Radial nerve
I.6.12.2: Median nerve
I.6.12.3: Ulnar nerve
I.6.13: Hand and Wrist Anatomy
I.6.13.1: Bones of hand
I.6.13.2: Compartments of the hand
I.6.13.3: Dorsum of the hand
I.6.13.4: Palm
I.6.13.5: Anatomical snuff box
I.6.13.6: Ligaments of the upper limb
I.6.13.7: Synovial membrane
I.6.13.8: Flexor tendon zones of the hand
I.6.13.9: Flexor muscles of the digits
I.6.13.10: Digital flexor sheath
I.6.13.11: Extensor tendon zones of hand
I.6.13.12: Muscles of the hand
Chapter 1: Examination of the Shoulder
1.1: Inspection
1.2: Palpation
1.3: Range of Movements
1.4: Neurologic Examination
1.4.1: Reflex Testing
1.4.2: Sensation Testing
1.5: Special Tests
1.5.1: Ossification of the Bones of the Shoulder
1.6: Special Tests for the Shoulder
1.6.1: Stability of the Shoulder
1.6.2: Biceps Tests
1.6.3: Impingement Tests
1.6.4: Other Tests
1.7: Examination of Related Areas
1.7.1: Sternoclavicular Joint
1.7.2: Acromioclavicular Joint Arthritis
1.7.2.1: Shoulder separation
1.7.3: Dislocation of the Glenohumeral or Shoulder Joint
1.7.4: Scapular Disorders
1.7.5: Frozen Shoulder
1.7.6: Tuberculosis of the Shoulder
1.7.7: Rotator Cuff Tears
1.7.8: Biceps Tear
1.7.9: Biceps Bursitis/Tendinitis
1.7.10: Brachial Neuralgia
Chapter 2: Examination of the Elbow
2.1: Inspection
2.1.1: Ligaments
2.1.2: Fat Pads
2.1.3: Bursae
2.1.4: Blood and Nerve Supply
2.1.5: Structures
2.2: Physical Examination
2.3: Inspection of Elbow
2.4: Palpation
2.5: Neurologic Examination
2.6: Special Tests
2.7: Important Lines and Angles
2.8: Examination of Related Areas
Chapter 3: Examination of the Wrist and Hand (Fingers)
3.1: Anatomy of the Wrist
3.2: Functions of Wrist Complex
3.3: Inspection of the Hand
3.4: Palpation of the Hand
3.4.1: Bony Palpation
3.4.2: Soft Tissue Palpation
3.5: Range of Motion
3.5.1: Active Range of Motion
3.5.2: Passive Range of Motion
3.6: Neurologic Examination
3.6.1: Muscle Testing
3.6.2: Sensation Testing
3.7: Special Tests
3.7.1: Surface Anatomy
3.7.2: History
3.8: Examination of the Hand
3.8.1: Examination of the Joints
3.8.2: Examination of the Musculo-tendinous Units [10: and 11]
3.8.3: Examination of the Nerves [10: and 11]
3.8.3.1: Motor testing
3.8.3.2: Sensory testing
3.9: Functional Tests
3.10: Clinical Examination
3.11: Differential Diagnosis: Special Tests
3.12: Examination of Related Areas
3.12.1: Wrist Deformities
3.12.2: Stiffness of the Wrist
3.12.3: Swellings Around the Wrist
3.12.4: Deformities of the Tendons
3.12.5: Other Deformities: Dupuytren’s Contracture
3.12.6: Tunnel Syndromes
3.12.7: Open Injuries of the Hand
Section II
Introduction to Lower Limb Arthrology
II.1: Pelvic Girdle
II.2: Sacroiliac Joint
II.2.1: Ligaments of the SIJ
II.2.2: Movements of the SIJ
II.2.3: Clinical Signs of SIJ Dysfunction
II.2.3.1: Hypomobility lesions
II.2.3.2: Degenerative changes at the SI joint
II.2.3.3: Osteitis condensans ilii
II.2.3.4: Inflammatory diseases and infections
II.3: Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome
II.3.1: Extra-articular Manifestations
II.3.2: Physical Examination
II.3.3: Tests for SIJ
II.4: Ankylosing Spondylitis
II.4.1: Epidemiology
II.4.2: Pathogenesis
II.4.3: Pathology
II.4.4: Clinical Features
II.4.5: Laboratory Findings
II.4.6: Radiological Evaluation
II.4.6.1: CT scan
II.4.6.2: MRI
II.4.6.3: Bone scintigraphy
II.4.7: Complications of Ankylosing Spondylitis
II.4.8: Differential Diagnosis
II.4.9: Management
II.4.9.1: Medical line of management
II.4.9.2: Surgical line of treatment
II.4.10: Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis
Chapter 4: Examination of the Hip and the Pelvis
4.1: Inspection
4.2: Palpation
4.3: Range of Motion
4.4: Special Tests
4.4.1: Introduction
4.4.2: Anatomy of the Hip
4.4.3: Biomechanics of the Hip Joint
4.4.4: Examination of the Hip Joint
4.4.5: Special Tests
4.4.6: Special Tests in the Pediatric Patient
4.4.7: Investigations
4.4.8: Examination of Related Areas
Chapter 5: Examination of the Knee
5.1: Inspection
5.2: Palpation
5.2.1: Soft Tissue Palpation
5.3: Tests for Joint Stability
5.4: Range of Motion
5.5: Neurologic Examination
5.6: Special Tests
5.7: Examination of Related Areas
Chapter 6: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries of the Knee
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Incidence
6.3: Anatomy and Biomechanics
6.4: Clinical Presentation
6.5: Special Tests
6.6: Natural History
6.7: Treatment
6.7.1: Timing of Surgery
6.7.2: Graft Selection
6.7.3: Graft Placement
6.7.4: Graft Tensioning
6.7.5: Graft Fixation
6.7.6: Graft Failure
6.7.7: Rehabilitation
6.7.8: Results
6.7.9: Complications
6.8: Recent Advances in ACL Reconstruction
Chapter 7: Examination of the Foot and Ankle
7.1: Inspection of the Foot
7.2: Palpation
7.2.1: Palpation of Bony Points
7.2.1.1: Medial aspect
7.2.1.2: Lateral aspect
7.2.2: Palpation of Soft Tissue
7.3: Tests for Ankle Stability
7.4: Range of Motion
7.4.1: Active Range of Movements
7.4.2: Passive Range of Movements
7.4.3: Movements of the Lesser Toes
7.5: Neurologic Examination
7.6: Special Tests
7.6.1: Gait
7.6.1.1: Common types of gait
7.6.1.2: Walking aid
7.6.2: Inspection
7.6.3: Palpation
7.6.4: Range of Movement
7.6.5: Vascular Examination
7.6.6: Neurological Examination
7.6.6.1: Forefoot
7.6.6.2: Midfoot
7.6.6.3: Hindfoot
References
Chapter 8: Examination of the Foot
8.1: Regions of the Foot
8.2: Features of the Dorsal Region of the Foot
8.3: Features of the Plantar Region or Sole
Chapter 9: Uncommon Injuries of the Limbs
9.1: CMC Joint Arthritis of the Base of the Thumb
9.1.1: The Trapezium
9.1.2: The CMC Joint of the Thumb
9.1.3: The Intercarpal Joints
9.2: Pediatric Trigger Thumb
9.3: Bennett’s Fracture
9.3.1: Reverse Bennett’s Fracture
9.3.2: Pseudo Bennett’s Fracture
9.4: Rolando’s Fracture
9.5: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
9.5.1: Classification Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries
9.6: Jersey Finger
9.7: Lisfranc Injury
9.7.1: Anatomy of the Ligament
9.7.2: Mechanisms of Injury
9.7.3: History and Examination Findings
9.7.4: Management
9.8: The Wrist: Radiocarpal and Midcarpal Joints
9.8.1: Functions of the Wrist Complex
9.8.2: CMC Joints of Fingers
Index
