Introduction to Environmental Mineralogy

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 Environmental Property of Minerals
1.1 Research Category of Environmental Property of Minerals
1.1.1 Minerals Record Environmental Changes
1.1.2 Minerals Affect Environmental Quality
1.1.3 Minerals Reflect Environmental Evaluation
1.1.4 Minerals Control Environmental Pollution
1.1.5 Minerals Participate in Biological Function
1.2 Natural Self-purification Function of Inorganic Mineral
1.2.1 Surface Effect of Mineral
1.2.1.1 Surface Chemical Composition
1.2.1.2 Surface Crystal Structure
1.2.1.3 Surface Micromorphology
1.2.1.4 Surface Charge
1.2.1.5 Type of Adsorption
1.2.2 Channel Effect of Mineral
1.2.3 Structure Effect of Mineral
1.2.4 Ion Exchange Effect of Mineral
1.2.4.1 Ion Exchange on the Surface of Ionic Lattice Mineral
1.2.4.2 Ion Exchange in Channel Mineral
1.2.4.3 Ion Exchange in Layered Mineral
1.2.5 Redox Effect of Mineral
1.2.6 Precipitation/Dissolution Effect of Mineral
1.2.7 Crystallization Effect of Mineral
1.2.8 Hydration Effect of Mineral
1.2.9 Thermal Effect of Mineral
1.2.9.1 Photocatalytic Effect of Mineral
1.2.9.2 Nano Effect of Mineral
1.2.9.3 Composite Effect of Mineral and Organism
1.3 Environmental Effects of the Synergism Between Minerals and Microorganisms
1.3.1 Mineral Electron Energy Form
1.3.1.1 Element Valence Electron Energy
1.3.1.2 Semiconductor Conduction Band Electron Energy
1.3.2 Mineral Photoelectrons Promote the Origin and Evolution of Life
1.3.3 Mineral Photoelectrons Promote the Growth and Metabolism of Photoelectrophic Microorganisms
1.3.4 Microbial Photoelectrophic Nutrition Mode
References
2 Environmental Effects of Tunnel Structure Minerals
2.1 Octahedral Tunnel Effects of Cryptomelane
2.1.1 Channel Structure of Manganese Oxide
2.1.2 Channel Effect of Natural Cryptomelane
2.1.2.1 Ion Exchange of Cryptomelane
2.1.2.2 Ion Exchange of Heavy Metals by Natural Cryptomelane
2.1.3 Remarks on the Reactivity of Nanomineral Aggregates
2.2 Channel Structure Effects of Potassium Feldspar Tetrahedron
2.2.1 Channel Structure Characteristics of Potassium Feldspar
2.2.1.1 Chemical Composition
2.2.1.2 Crystal Structure
2.2.1.3 Microstructure Characteristics
2.2.1.4 Channel Structure Characteristics
2.2.1.5 Channel Structural Phase Transition
2.2.2 Ion Exchange Effect of Potassium Feldspar Channels
2.2.2.1 Exchange of Feldspar Channel Ions and Na+ Ions in High-Temperature Melt
2.2.2.2 Fixing Pb in the Feldspar Channels of Medium Temperature Powder
2.2.2.3 Fixing Cd in Feldspar Channels in Solution at Room Temperature
2.2.2.4 The Feldspar Channels Block the Migration of Nuclide
2.3 Tubular-Texture Effects of Fibrous Serpentine
2.3.1 Crystal Structure of Fibrous Serpentine
2.3.2 The Active Group of Fibrous Serpentine
2.3.3 The Active Behavior of Fibrous Serpentine
2.3.4 The Nanotube of Clinochrysotile
2.3.5 Nano-fibriform Silica from Natural Chrysotile
References
3 Photoactivity of Mn Oxides on Earth’s Surface
3.1 Nature Manganese Oxides
3.1.1 Vast Distribution of Mn Oxides on Modern Earth
3.1.2 Widespread Mn Coatings on Earth’s Surface
3.1.3 Photoelectric Behavior of Mn (Oxyhydr)oxide
3.2 Electronic Structure of Natural Semiconducting Mn Oxides
3.2.1 Effect of Mn (or O) Vacancies
3.2.2 Effect of Metal Cations
3.3 Photocatalytic Self-reduction of Natural Mn Oxides
3.3.1 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Water by Mn4CaOx
3.3.2 Photocatalytic Self-reduction of Natural Mn Oxides
3.4 Environmental Functions of Mn Oxides Controlled by Mn Redox Cycling
3.4.1 Reductive Dissolution of Mn Oxides Mediated by Organic Matter
3.4.2 Oxidative Formation of Mn Oxides and Heavy Metal Sorption
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
4 Redox Activity of Iron Sulfide and Mn Oxide
4.1 Removal of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from Aqueous Solutions and Industrial Wastewaters by Natural Pyrrhotite
4.1.1 Characteristics of Pyrrhotite and Wastewater
4.1.2 Effectiveness in Cr(VI) Removal
4.1.3 Solid Phases After Cr(VI) Removal
4.1.4 Process of Cr(VI) Removal
4.1.5 Potential Industrial Application
4.2 Reactivity of Mn Oxide Cryptomelane
4.2.1 Occurrence and Characterization of Cryptomelane
4.2.1.1 Occurrence
4.2.1.2 Characterization of Natural Cryptomelane
4.2.2 Oxidation of Phenols by Mn Oxide
4.2.2.1 Natural Cryptomelane
4.2.2.2 Synthesized Mn Oxide
References
5 Interaction Between Fe & Mn-Bearing Minerals and Microbes
5.1 Reduction of Goethite by Cronobacter Sakazakii
5.1.1 Total Protein and Fe(II) Concentration Changes
5.1.2 Morphology of the Strain and Minerals
5.1.3 Coordination Structure and Fe Oxidation State of the Products
5.2 Reduction of Birnessite by a Novel Dietzia Strain
5.2.1 Anaerobic Reduction of Birnessite by 45-1b
5.2.2 Aerobic Reduction of Birnessite by 45-1b
5.2.3 Effect of AQDS on Reduction of Birnessite
5.2.4 Mineral Characterization of Bioreduced Samples
5.3 Coupled Anaerobic and Aerobic Microbial Processes for Mn-Carbonate Precipitation
5.3.1 Birnessite Bioreduction by 45-1b Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
5.3.1.1 Bacterial Growth Coupled with Chemical Changes in the Solution
5.3.1.2 Characterization of Mn Mineral Phases
5.3.1.3 Role of Bacteria in Birnessite Reduction and Rhodochrosite Precipitation
5.3.2 Effect of Oxygen on Birnessite Bioreduction and Rhodochrosite Precipitation
5.3.2.1 Bacterial Growth Coupled with Competing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
5.3.2.2 Prerequisite for Mn(II) Carbonate Precipitation
5.3.2.3 Isotopic Indicator of a Prominent Relationship Between Organic Carbon Bio-Oxidation and Rhodochrosite Precipitation
5.3.3 A Conceptual Model and Geologic Significances of Mn(II) Carbonate Precipitation at Anaerobic Sub-Interfaces in the Aerobic Environment
References
6 Photocatalytic Reduction Effects of Sphalerite and Sulfur
6.1 Mineralogical Characteristics of Natural Sphalerite
6.1.1 Occurrence
6.1.2 Crystal Chemical Characteristics
6.1.3 Surface Charge
6.2 Semiconducting Characteristics of Natural Sphalerite
6.2.1 Optical Absorption
6.2.2 Electronic Structure
6.2.3 Conduction and Valence Band Potentials
6.3 Photocatalytic Activities of Natural Sphalerite
6.3.1 Photoreduction of Pollutants as Well as Carbon Dioxide by Sphalerite
6.3.1.1 Photoreduction of Organic Pollutants
6.3.1.2 Photoreduction of Inorganic Pollutants
6.3.1.3 Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide
6.3.2 Highly Efficient ZnO/ZnFe2O4 Photocatalyst from Thermal Treatment of Sphalerite
6.4 Photoreduction of Inorganic Carbon(+IV) by Elemental Sulfur
6.4.1 Geochemistry of Tengchong Terrestrial Hot Spring with Abundant S0
6.4.2 Photoreduction of Carbonate to Produce HCOOH in the Presence of S0
6.4.3 The Photoactivity of S0 Under UV Light
6.4.4 Adsorption of Carbonate Molecules and Formation of Formate on S0
6.4.5 Reaction Mechanisms Based on the Semiconducting Properties of S0
6.4.6 Reaction Mechanisms Based on Broken Bonds Reacting with Adsorbed Molecules
6.4.7 Implications for Photoreactive S0 in Prebiotic Terrestrial Hydrothermal Systems
References
7 Photocatalytic Oxidation Effects of Rutile
7.1 Mineralogical Characteristics of Natural Rutile
7.1.1 Occurrence
7.1.2 Crystal Chemical Characteristics
7.1.3 Surface Charge
7.2 Semiconducting Characteristics of Natural Rutile
7.2.1 Optical Absorption
7.2.2 Electronic Structure
7.2.3 Conduction and Valence Band Potentials
7.3 Photocatalytic Activities of Natural Rutile
7.3.1 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methyl Orange by Natural Rutile Under Visible Light
7.3.2 Enhanced Visible-Light Response of Natural Rutile by Thermal Treatment
7.3.2.1 Thermal Treatment in Air
7.3.2.2 Thermal Treatment in Argon
7.3.2.3 Thermal Treatment in Hydrogen
7.3.3 Explanations and Prospectives of Rutile Photocatalysis on Both Earth and Mars
References
8 Interactions Between Semiconducting Minerals and Microbes
8.1 Interactions Between Semiconducting Minerals and Bacteria Under Light
8.1.1 Synergistic Pathway Between Semiconducting Minerals and Microorganisms
8.1.2 Semiconducting Minerals Stimulate Growth of Non-phototrophic Bacteria
8.1.3 Synergism Between Microorganisms and Semiconducting Minerals in Environmental Remediation
8.2 Regulation and Influence of Mineral-Microorganism Electron Transfer on Microbial Community
8.2.1 Semiconducting Minerals Regulate Extracellular Electron Transfer and Microbial Community Composition
8.2.1.1 Photo Response of Varnish and Semiconducting Properties
8.2.1.2 Microbial Community Structure Characteristics and Cluster Analysis
8.2.1.3 EET Process Between Semiconducting Minerals and Bacterial Communities
8.2.1.4 EET Possibly Occurred on Varnish Under Natural Light Conditions
8.2.1.5 Composition of Bacterial Communities at Phylum and Class Levels
8.2.1.6 Mineral Composition Difference
8.2.1.7 Electrochemical Characterizations of Electrodes
8.2.2 Photoelectron Energy of Semiconducting Minerals Affects Microbial Community and Function
8.3 Regulation and Influence of Mineral-Microorganism Electron Transfer on Microbial Strains
8.3.1 Extracellular Electron Transfer to Minerals Through External Circuit and Synergistically Enhanced by Semiconducting Minerals
8.3.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer to Minerals Directly with Promotion from Semiconducting Minerals
8.3.2.1 Concentration Control of PAO1 and Mutant Strains Through OD600
8.3.2.2 Morphology Characteristic of PAO1 and Mutant Strains by AFM and ESEM
8.3.2.3 Identification of Biosynthesized Pyocyanin by UV–Vis and SERS
8.3.2.4 The Distinguishing Efficiency of EET in Light-Anatase-PAO1 Systems
8.3.2.5 Analysis Different EET Mechanism of Light-Anatase-PAO1 Systems
8.3.2.6 Mechanism of the Solar Light Drove and Enhanced EET Between Anatase and PAO1
8.3.3 Photoelectron Energy Utilized by Microbes to Accelerate Metabolism
8.4 Environmental Effects and Application of Pollutant Treatment
8.4.1 Light Fuel Cell Tech for Pollution Treatment by Semiconducting Minerals Cooperating with Extracellular Electron Transform
8.4.1.1 Current Generation in LFC
8.4.1.2 Evaluation of LFC Performance
8.4.1.3 Influence of the Semiconducting Minerals
8.4.1.4 Considerations for Applications of LFC
8.4.1.5 Cr(VI) Reduction at Rutile-Catalyzed Cathode in Microbial Fuel Cells
8.4.1.6 Power Generation and Cr(VI) Reduction Under Light and in the Dark
8.4.1.7 Influences of Anodic Microorganisms on Power Generation and Cr(VI) Reduction
8.4.1.8 Mechanisms for Cr(VI) Reduction at the Cathode
8.4.1.9 Photocatalytically Improved Azo Dye Reduction in a Microbial Fuel Cell with Rutile-Cathode
8.4.1.10 MO Decolorization and Electricity Generation
8.4.1.11 Kinetic Analysis
8.4.2 SSC Enhanced LFC System for Wastewater Treatment
8.4.2.1 Comparison of Power Generation Abilities of Different MFCs
8.4.2.2 Treating Cr(VI) Wastewater with the Novel Hybrid System
8.4.2.3 Mechanism Analysis for the Novel MFC
References
9 Human Pathological Mineral Features
9.1 Mineralization Characteristics of Psammoma Body Mineralization in Meningioma
9.1.1 Morphology and Composition of Psammoma Body Mineralization in Meningioma
9.1.2 Characterization of Morphology, Chemical Composition and Microstructure of Separated PBs
9.1.3 Discussion on the Formation Mechanism of Calcification
9.2 Characteristics of Cardiovascular Mineralization
9.2.1 Cardiovascular System Mineralization
9.2.2 Mineralogical Characterization of Calcification in Cardiovascular Aortic Atherosclerotic Plaque
9.2.2.1 Distribution and Morphology of Calcification
9.2.2.2 The Phase Composition of Calcification
9.2.2.3 The Chemical Composition of Calcification
9.2.2.4 Chemical Environment of Ca in the Calcification
9.3 Characteristics of Psammoma Bodies in Ovarian Tumors
9.3.1 Morphology and Distribution of Psammoma Bodies in Ovarian Tumors
9.3.2 The Mineral Composition and Fine Structure of Psammoma Bodies in Ovarian Tumors
9.4 Carbonate and Cation Substitution in Hydroxyapatite in Breast Cancer Micro-Calcifications
9.4.1 Mineral Phase and Crystal Structure
9.4.2 Carbonate Substitution
9.4.3 Cation Substitution
9.4.4 Diagnostic Significance and Implications
References
10 Infrared Effect of Minerals
10.1 The Theory of Infrared Spectra
10.2 Thermal Emission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
10.2.1 The Characteristics of the Natural Carbonate Minerals
10.2.2 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
10.2.3 Infrared Emission Spectroscopy
10.2.4 The Effect of Crystal Chemistry on Characteristic Vibrations
10.2.5 Infrared Radiation Properties of Minerals
10.2.5.1 The Positive Effect of Heat Capacity on Radiant Energy
10.2.5.2 The Close Relationship Between {\hbox{CO}}_3^{2 - } Group and Emissivity
10.2.5.3 A Larger Cationic Radius Causes Stronger Emissivity
10.3 The Middle and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy Characteristics of Calcite, Dolomite and Magnesite
10.3.1 Mineral Characteristics and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
10.3.2 Mid-Infrared Thermal Emission Spectroscopy
10.3.3 Mass of Metal Atoms Affects the Spectral Vibration Characteristics
10.3.4 Effect of Antisymmetric Stretching Vibration of C–O Bond on the Emissivity of Carbonate Minerals
10.3.5 Influence of Crystal Structure on the Radiation Characteristics of Minerals
10.4 Thermal Emission Spectra of Silicate Minerals
10.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
10.4.2 Comparison of Absorption and Emission Bands of Silicate Minerals
10.4.3 Effect of Vibrating SiO4 Tetrahedron on Infrared Radiation Properties
10.4.4 Geologic Implications
References